The members of national metrology institutes are involved in two main categories of activities: maintenance and dissemination of national measurement standards and research and development activities ...in metrology. On one hand, the "standardized" activities that involve a strong reuse of knowledge, and on the other, the expertise activities that make use of tacit knowledge of the team in order to produce new knowledge. Depending on the dominant type of model, an organization should implement a preferred type of knowledge management strategy. For the standardized activities, the appropriate strategy is codification based on a "people-to-document" knowledge transfer. For the "expertise" model, the most appropriate strategy is personalization, which involves the promotion of social networks and communities of practice. The paper shows the evolution of metrology institutes' activities in the last 50 years and comments on the continuous assessment of the relevance of chosen knowledge management strategies.
After the successful operation at the centre-of-mass energies of 7 and 8 TeV in 2010-2012, the LHC was ramped up and successfully took data at the centre-of-mass energies of 13 TeV in 2015 and 2016. ...Meanwhile, plans are actively advancing for a series of upgrades of the accelerator, culminating roughly ten years from now in the high-luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) project, which will deliver of the order of five times the LHC nominal instantaneous luminosity along with luminosity levelling. The ultimate goal is to extend the dataset from about few hundred fb−1 expected for LHC running by the end of 2018 to 3000 fb−1 by around 2035 for ATLAS and CMS. The challenge of coping with the HL-LHC instantaneous and integrated luminosity, along with the associated radiation levels, requires further major changes to the ATLAS detector. The designs are developing rapidly for a new all-silicon tracker, significant upgrades of the calorimeter and muon systems, as well as improved triggers and data acquisition. ATLAS is also examining potential benefits of extensions to larger pseudorapidity, particularly in tracking and muon systems. This report summarizes various improvements to the ATLAS detector required to cope with the anticipated evolution of the LHC luminosity during this decade and the next. A brief overview is also given on physics prospects with a pp centre-of-mass energy of 14 TeV.
Introduction
Three generations of antipsychotics, all of which are based on the dopaminergic hypothesis of schizophrenia, are available for clinical use. Still, more than 66% of the patients ...diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) could not achieve remission. Also, the glutamatergic hypothesis of schizophrenia is supported by translational models of this disease, even if the antipsychotics derived from this conceptual framework are not yet available on the market. However, the need for new pathogenesis models for schizophrenia and new generations of antipsychotics is acute, therefore, an exploration of the antipsychotics in the pipeline could be helpful in understanding the current stage of research in schizophrenia.
Objectives
To assess the evidence supporting the potential benefits of new antipsychotics in the pipeline.
Methods
A literature review was performed through the main electronic databases PubMed, Cochrane, Clarivate/Web Of Science, and EMBASE) and clinical trials repositories (US National Library of Medicine and World Health Organization Clinical Trials Registry Platform) using the search paradigm “antipsychotics” AND “schizophrenia” AND “non-dopaminergic” AND “non-glutamatergic”. All papers published between January 2010 and September 2022 were included.
Results
Xanomeline/trospium (xanomeline is a muscarinic M1/M4 receptor agonist at the central nervous system, while trospium limits its peripheral effects) was efficient for schizophrenia in one phase III clinical trial. Pimavanserin (a selective 5HT2A inverse agonist and antagonist) was efficient in improving negative symptoms of schizophrenia in a phase II trial. Roluperidone (a 5HT2A and σ2 receptor antagonist) has been associated with favorable results in phase III clinical trials, mainly on negative symptoms of schizophrenia. SEP-363856 is a TAAR-1 agonist and 5HT1A agonist, currently explored in phase III clinical trials for schizophrenia. MK-8189 is a phosphodiesterase 10A inhibitor, investigated in phase III clinical trials for schizophrenia.
Conclusions
Based on the retrieved data in the literature, multiple mechanisms, other than glutamatergic and dopaminergic pathways, are currently being investigated, and many of the antipsychotics based on these mechanisms are in the advanced stage of research. This is important not only for the clinical need to find more efficient and tolerable drugs for patients with schizophrenia but also because they may shed new light on the pathogenesis of this disease.
Disclosure of Interest
None Declared
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•WEPP modeling was conducted on paired, nested watersheds with forest managements.•WEPP-simulated daily streamflow was in close agreement with observed values.•WEPP captured water and ...sediment yields and changes due to harvesting practices.•Results demonstrated WEPP’s potential as a decision-aid tool in forest management.
The Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model was applied to seven paired, nested watersheds within the Mica Creek Experimental Watershed located in northern Idaho, USA. The goal was to evaluate the ability of WEPP to simulate the direct and cumulative effects of clear-cutting and partial-cutting (50% canopy removal) on water and sediment yield. WEPP was modified to better represent changes in the Leaf Area Index during post-harvest forest vegetative recovery. Good agreement between simulated and observed streamflow was achieved with minimal to no calibration over a 16-year (1992–2007) period. For the seven watersheds and the entire study period, the overall Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE), Kling-Gupta efficiency (KGE), and deviation of runoff volume (DV) between observed and simulated daily streamflow ranged 0.58–0.71, 0.67–0.81, and −4% to 9%, respectively. Good agreement between predicted and observed suspended sediment yield was achieved through the calibration of a single channel critical shear stress parameter. For sediment yield, NSE, KGE, and DV ranged 0.62–0.97, 0.43–0.97, and −2% to 2%, respectively, for the calibration period, and 0.61–0.93, 0.42–0.95, and −24% to 13%, respectively, for the period of model performance assessment. Regression analysis of observed- and WEPP-simulated increase in water and sediment yield following clear-cut treatment was similar; however, the WEPP-simulated increase was lower compared to observations particularly from the partial-cut watershed. The variability in the critical shear parameter for different stream channels in the study watersheds was directly related to the observed mean particle size on the stream bed and suggests that applications of the WEPP model in ungauged basins could potentially set the critical shear parameter based on particle size. Overall, the simulated results demonstrate the potential of WEPP as a modeling tool for forestland watershed management, particularly for estimating the effects of forest harvest on hydrograph fluctuations and consequently, stream sediment transport.
Non‐catching type gauges are the emerging class of in situ precipitation measurement instruments. For these instruments, rigorous testing and calibration are more challenging than for traditional ...gauges. Hydrometeors characteristics like particle size, shape, fall velocity and density must be reproduced in a controlled environment to provide the reference precipitation, instead of the equivalent water flow used for catching‐type gauges. They are generally calibrated by the manufacturers using internal procedures developed for the specific technology employed. No agreed methodology exists, and the adopted procedures are rarely traceable to internationally recognized standards. The EURAMET project 18NRM03 ‘INCIPIT’ on ‘Calibration and accuracy of non‐catching instruments to measure liquid/solid atmospheric precipitation’, funded by the European Metrology Programme for Innovation and Research (EMPIR), was initiated in 2019 to investigate calibration and accuracy issues of non‐catching measuring instruments used for liquid/solid atmospheric precipitation measurement. A survey of the existing models of non‐catching type instruments was initially performed and this paper provides an overview and a description of their working principles and the adopted calibration procedures. Both literature works and technical manuals disclosed by manufacturers are summarized and discussed, while current limitations and metrological requirements are identified.
Non‐catching type gauges are the emerging class of in situ precipitation measurement instruments. For these instruments, no agreed testing and calibration methodology exists, and the adopted procedures are rarely traceable to internationally recognized standards. In the framework of the EURAMET project ‘INCIPIT – Calibration and accuracy of non‐catching instruments to measure liquid/solid atmospheric precipitation’, this paper provides an overview and a description of existing models' working principles and the adopted calibration procedures. Both literature works and technical manuals disclosed by manufacturers are summarized and discussed, while current limitations and metrological requirements are identified.
Introduction
Brain heterotopia represent a group of rare malformations with a heterogeneous phenotype, ranging from asymptomatic to severe clinical picture (resistant epilepsy, severe developmental ...delay). The etiology is multifactorial, including both genetic and environmental factors.
Objectives
In this paper we present our experience regarding behavior problems in patients with heterotopia.
Methods
A cohort of 16 pediatric patients with brain heterotopia, six females and ten males, with age at last follow-up ranging from 2 months to 24 years were investigated by clinical examination, electroencephalographic studies, brain imaging, and genomic tests. Specific psychological tests and psychiatric evaluation were performed in all children for behavior problems assessment.
Results
Six individuals presented behavioral problems: autism (three patients) and hyperkinesia with attention deficit (three patients). All of them had intellectual disability or learning problems; five patients had epilepsy, with drug-resistant seizures in four cases. In two cases the behavioral problems occurred before the onset of epileptic seizures.
Conclusions
Behavior problems are important features in patients with brain heterotopia, making the management of these patients more difficult, especially when they occur in association with drug-resistant epilepsy. Acknowledgements: This work was supported partially by grants of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation CCCDI – UEFISCDI, Projects COFUND-ERANET E-RARE 3-HETER-OMICS-2 Number 87/2019 and 88/2019 within PNCDI III.
Disclosure
No significant relationships.
Data recovery and climate reconstruction are an important support for climate change research, as they provide information from periods and areas with sparse meteorological networks. Various sources ...are currently in use for obtaining valuable evidence of past climate, such as ship logs, diaries, books, monastery documents. This study exploits newspaper reports in order to enrich the historical meteorological information over the territory of Romania, from the last two decades of the 19th century. At that time, the area belonged to the Austro‐Hungarian Empire and Kingdom of Romania, and the meteorological services from Budapest (since 1870) and Bucharest (since 1884) were the providers of official meteorological information. The digital archive of three newspapers (România Liberă, Gazeta de Transilvania and Foaia Poporului) was investigated and the meteorological information was extracted and aggregated into a database containing 2,132 unique entries clearly referenced in time and space. Each entry represents a meteorological event and several associated characteristics, such as date, location, impact and source. A verification procedure, consisting of comparisons with available measurements from the nearby weather stations and with a reanalysis dataset, was applied in order to validate the entries. The results show that the meteorological information was often present in the newspapers of the epoch. Some climatic features could be retrieved such as seasonality of extreme events, temperature and precipitation characteristics. This paper demonstrates the potential of the collected information to further enhance the understanding of climate change, impacts and climate perception at the end of the 19th century in Romania.
Screening the digital archives of three Romanian newspapers (România Liberă, Gazeta de Transilvania and Foaia Poporului) issued at the end of 19th century, we provide a high‐resolution, sub‐daily information of meteorological events and their characteristics for the interval spanning between 1880 and 1900. The spatial distribution of all phenomena (displayed in the figure above) mentioned in the newspaper reports show the abundance of meteorological evidence encrypted in this archive and highlight their potential for assisting detailed climate reconstruction in the time periods and area with sparse meteorological network.
Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is an optical interferometric technique developed mainly for in vivo imaging of the eye and biological tissues. In this paper, we demonstrate the potential of OCT ...for non-invasive examination of museum paintings. Two en-face scanning OCT systems operating at 850 nm and 1300 nm were used to produce B-scan and C-scan images at typical working distances of 2 cm. The 3D images produced by the OCT systems show not only the structure of the varnish layer but also the paint layers and underdrawings (preparatory drawings under the paint layers). The highest ever resolution and dynamic range images of underdrawings are presented and for the first time it is possible to find out non-invasively on which layer the underdrawings were drawn.
Recent international comparisons showed that there is still room for improvement in triple point of water (TPW) realization uncertainty. Large groups of cells manufactured, maintained and measured in ...similar conditions still show a spread in the realized TPW temperature that is larger than the best measurement uncertainties (25 µK). One cause is the time-dependent concentration of dissolved impurities in water. The origin of such impurities is the glass/quartz envelope dissolution during a cell lifetime. The effect is a difference in the triple point temperature proportional to the impurities concentration. In order to measure this temperature difference and to investigate the effect of different types of impurities, we manufactured doped cells with different concentrations of silicon (Si), boron (B), sodium (Na) and potassium (K), the glass main chemical components. To identify any influence of the filling process, two completely independent manufacturing procedures were followed in two different laboratories, both national metrology institutes (VSL, Netherlands and UME, Turkey). Cells glass and filling water were also different while the doping materials were identical. Measuring the temperature difference as a function of the liquid fraction is a method to obtain information about impurities concentrations in TPW. Only cells doped with 1 µmol·mol
−1
B, Na and K proved to be suitable for measurements at different liquid fractions. We present here the results with related uncertainties and discuss the critical points in this experimental approach.
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