Federated learning (FL) is a promising solution to harness the advances of machine learning under the premise of privacy security, whereas the communication overhead of model exchange remains an ...obstacle to deploying FL in wireless networks. To tackle this challenge, we consider the non-uniform quantization of the global model in this work. By formulating the optimization of quantization intervals as a Markov decision process (MDP), we propose a deep reinforcement learning (DRL)- based approach to improve the performance of the quantizer for FL. Through crafting a compound reward function, the DRL agent is guided to reduce the quantization error and training loss simultaneously. Furthermore, a dual time-scale mechanism between FL and DRL is adopted to ensure that the actor and critic models of DRL converge more steadily. Simulations on various real-world datasets reveal that the proposed method can provide higher accuracy and faster convergence than the existing uniform quantizers, and can retain these benefits when applying the learned policy to a similar learning task.
•Persimmon transgenic system was successfully established.•D. kaki Thunb. could be used as an interstock to induce dwarfing in grafted scions.•Dwarf character was better when interstock lengths were ...between 20 and 25 cm.•Key genes related to dwarfing persimmon were screened and verified.•DKGA2ox1 and MIR171f_3 regulate persimmon dwarfism by affecting GA content in scion.
‘Nantongxiaofangshi’ (Diospyros kaki Thunb., D. kaki Thunb.) is a local cultivar of persimmon with dwarf-like traits in Jiangsu, China. Closely spaced planting afforded by dwarfism is usually one of the most important ways to promote fruit cultivation and production. However, the understanding of dwarfism in D. kaki Thunb. is very limited at the molecular level, which hinders the further increase of the fruit production. In this work, a persimmon transgenic system was successfully established, and the field experiments of grafting phenotype were carried out. The results showed that D. kaki Thunb. could be used as an interstock to induce dwarfing in grafted scions, and the dwarf character was better when interstock lengths were between 20 and 25 cm. Furthermore, the key genes related to dwarfism in D. kaki Thunb. were screened and verified, and subsequently, the regulatory role of related genes in persimmon dwarfism was figured out. It was found that the gene encoding gibberellin 2-oxidase-1 (DkGA2ox1) involved in GA biosynthesis was associated with the dwarfing in D. kaki Thunb. Overexpression of DkGA2ox1 in Diospyros lotus resulted in a typical dwarf phenotype. Meanwhile, the microRNA data showed that the miR171f_3 demonstrated the active involvement in GA pathway response in persimmon dwarfism. DkGA2ox1 and MIR171f_3, as two highly expressed genes in D. kaki Thunb. interstock, could be used as stimulus signals to affect the content of GA in scion, however, the specific transmission mechanism still needs to be further explored. Ultimately, the bioactive GA level was decreased, resulting in the scion dwarfism.
We consider a clustered wireless sensor network where sensors are randomly distributed within a circle area with the only cluster head in the center. After the cluster head broadcasts source message ...to nearby sensor nodes, those neighboring nodes which have successfully decoded the message may help relay data for the head to the destination using space-time block coding (STBC) scheme to form a virtual multi-input-multi-output (vMIMO) system. We first analyze the average outage performance and overall energy consumption including transmission energy and the circuit energy. We then present a transmission scheme to maximize system throughput as well as its performance dependence on data rate and power allocation decisions. Numerical results have validated the proposed scheme and shown the significant throughput increment with appropriate data rate and power allocation decisions.
The aims of this work were to extract the enzymatic residue polysaccharides (EnRPS) from Pleurotus ostreatus and investigate the antioxidant and anti-hyperlipidemic effects on ...high-fat-high-cholesterol emulsion (HFHCE)-induced liver injured mice. The results revealed that EnRPS at 400 mg/kg bw showed superior liver protective effects by ameliorating the AI, lowing the hepatic MPO, FFA, ADPN, TC and TG indicators, and improving the antioxidant status by enhancing liver enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, LEP, INS and T-AOC), eliminating the MDA content, decreasing the levels of LDL-C, TC, TG, ALT, AST and ALP, and increasing the HDL-C in serum. And in addition, GC, FTIR, NMR and pathological sections were also studied. The above consequences suggested that EnRPS could be used as functional foods of oxidative stress and anti-hyperlipidemic against liver injury.
Membrane proteins are vital resources for developing biosensors. TMEM120A is a membrane protein associated with human pain transmission and lipid metabolism, and recent studies have demonstrated its ...ability to transport ions and bind to coenzyme A (COA-SH), indicating its potential to develop into a single-molecule sensor based on electrical methods. In this study, we investigated the ion transport properties of TMEM120A and its homolog TMEM120B on an artificial lipid bilayer using single-channel recording. The results demonstrate that both proteins can fuse into the lipid bilayer and generate stable ion currents under a bias voltage. Based on the stable ion transport capabilities of TMEM120A and TMEM120B, as well as the feature of TMEM120A binding with COA-SH, we developed these two proteins into a single-molecule sensor for detecting COA-SH and structurally similar molecules. We found that both COA-SH and ATP can reversibly bind to single TMEM120A and TMEM120B proteins embedded in the lipid bilayer and temporarily block ion currents during the binding process. By analyzing the current blocking signal, COA-SH and ATP can be identified at the single-molecule level. In conclusion, our work has provided two single-molecule biosensors for detecting COA-SH and ATP, offering insights for exploring and developing bio-inspired small molecule sensors.
Mucosal vaccines can prevent viruses from infecting the respiratory mucosa, rather than only curtailing infection and protecting against the development of disease symptoms. The SARS-CoV-2 spike ...receptor-binding domain (RBD) is a compelling vaccine target but is undermined by suboptimal mucosal immunogenicity. Here, we report a SARS-CoV-2-mimetic extracellular-vesicle vaccine developed using genetic engineering and dendritic cell membrane budding. After mucosal immunization, the vaccine recruits antigen-presenting cells rapidly initiating a strong innate immune response. Notably, it obviates the need for adjuvants and can induce germinal center formation through both intramuscular and intratracheal vaccination. It not only elicits high levels of RBD-specific antibodies but also stimulates extensive cellular immunity in the respiratory mucosa. A sequential immunization strategy, starting with an intramuscular injection followed by an intratracheal booster, significantly bolsters mucosal immunity with high levels of IgA and tissue-resident memory T cell responses, thereby establishing a formidable defense against pseudovirus infection.Mucosal vaccines can prevent viruses from infecting the respiratory mucosa, rather than only curtailing infection and protecting against the development of disease symptoms. The SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) is a compelling vaccine target but is undermined by suboptimal mucosal immunogenicity. Here, we report a SARS-CoV-2-mimetic extracellular-vesicle vaccine developed using genetic engineering and dendritic cell membrane budding. After mucosal immunization, the vaccine recruits antigen-presenting cells rapidly initiating a strong innate immune response. Notably, it obviates the need for adjuvants and can induce germinal center formation through both intramuscular and intratracheal vaccination. It not only elicits high levels of RBD-specific antibodies but also stimulates extensive cellular immunity in the respiratory mucosa. A sequential immunization strategy, starting with an intramuscular injection followed by an intratracheal booster, significantly bolsters mucosal immunity with high levels of IgA and tissue-resident memory T cell responses, thereby establishing a formidable defense against pseudovirus infection.
A modified polysaccharide named MPCC from Coprinus comatus (MPCC) was obtained by the snailase hydrolysis. And the hepatoprotective effects on alcohol-induced liver injury and preliminary structure ...features were investigated. For in vivo hepatoprotective abilities, MPCC significantly attenuated the hepatic and serum lipid levels, obviously enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities, markedly improved alcohol metabolism system and inflammatory response, and mitigated alcohol-induced liver injury histopathologically, providing references for the exploitation of MPCC as functional foods or natural drugs against the alcohol-induced liver injury. Additionally, MPCC containing fucose (Fuc), ribose (Rib), arabinose (Ara), xylose (Xyl), mannose (Man), galactose (Gal) and glucose (Glu) with the a α- and β-configuration in a percentage composition of 0.91%, 0.71%, 0.45%, 1.60%, 2.04%, 4.41% and 89.88% via gas chromatography (GC), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis.
Poly (L-lactic acid) microparticles (PLLAms) loaded with growth factors were prepared through the modified (ethanol as the modifier) solution enhanced dispersion by supercritical CO2 (SEDS) for ...controlling release rate while maintaining bioactivity. Trypsin was used to explore operational parameters and their influence on release. Results showed that the optimized flow rate of polymer solution was 1.0 mL/min. Release rate of trypsin-PLLAms was regulated by molecular weight of PLLA and Polyethylene glycol (PEG) ratio. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP-2), fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was loaded into PLLAms. Encapsulation efficiency was 65.9%, 63.9%, and 64.3%, cumulative release rate was 63.2%, 74.8% and 84.1% for 7 days, respectively. BMP-2, VEGF and FGF-2 released from PLLAms significantly promoted cell proliferation and differentiation. Therefore, the modified SEDS effectively maintained drug bioactivity, which could be used to fabricate carriers for controlled bioactive drugs release.
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•Solution enhanced dispersion by supercritical CO2 (SEDS) was modified.•Polymeric microparticles loaded bioactive drugs were prepared by modified SEDS.•Bioactive drugs release was controlled by molecular weight and ratio of polymers.•Modified SEDS effectively maintained bioactivity of growth factors.
This study proposes an applicable driver identification method using machine learning algorithms with driving information. The driving data are collected by a 3-axis accelerometer, which records the ...lateral, longitudinal and vertical accelerations. In this research, a data transformation way is developed to extract interpretable statistics features from raw 3-axis sensor data and utilise machine learning algorithms to identify drivers. To eliminate the bias caused by the sensor installation and ensure the applicability of their approach, they present a data calibration method which proves to be necessary for a comparative test. Four basic supervised classification algorithms are used to perform on the data set for comparison. To improve classification performance, they propose a multiple classifier system, which combines the outputs of several classifiers. Experimental results based on real-world data show that the proposed algorithm is effective on solving driver identification problem. Among the four basic algorithms, random forests (RFs) algorithm has the greatest performance on accuracy, recall and precision. With the proposed multiple classifier system, a greater performance can be achieved in small number of drivers’ groups. RFs algorithm takes the lead in running speed. In their experiment, ten drivers are involved and over 5,500,000 driving records per driver are collected.
