Marriage is a core institution in almost every human society, including small‐scale societies based on foraging or subsistence agriculture. A crucial dimension of the marriage systems in such ...societies involves endogamy and exogamy, that is, the choice of a marriage partner from within one's own community or from an outside community. We develop a model in which the exogamy rate is higher when good local matches are scarce due to small community sizes, and when productivity differs across communities due to environmental shocks. These theoretical predictions are supported by econometric analysis of data from the standard cross‐cultural sample. (JEL D13, J11, N30, Z13)
The mean square polarizability radii of the proton have been measured for the first time in a virtual-Compton-scattering experiment performed at the MIT-Bates out-of-plane scattering facility. ...Response functions and polarizabilities obtained from a dispersion analysis of the data at Q2 = 0.057 GeV2/c2 are in agreement with O(p3) heavy baryon chiral perturbation theory. The data support the dominance of mesonic effects in the polarizabilities.
The success of the treatment of 117 dogs with atopic dermatitis with allergen-specific immunotherapy for up to 48 months was assessed. An excellent response (remission with exclusive immunotherapy) ...was recorded in 18 of the dogs, a good response (more than 50 per cent reduction in medication and improvement of clinical signs) was recorded in 57, a moderate response was recorded in 24 and a poor response in 18. The mould antigens in the allergen extract were stored in a separate vial before administration and the success rate of the immunotherapy including mould antigens was much higher than in an earlier study in which mould and pollen antigens had been stored in one vial. The success rate was not affected significantly by the age of the dogs when the disease developed, or by their age or the period for which they had shown clinical signs when the treatment began; it was also unaffected by whether pollens, moulds or dust mites were used as antigens, or by whether the offending allergens had been identified by intradermal testing or by serum testing for allergen-specific immunoglobulin E.
A fundamental question for economics is why large firms in market economies usually assign control rights to capital suppliers rather than labor suppliers. A diverse collection of answers can be ...found in the literature. But unfortunately little theoretical consensus has emerged, and few attempts have been made to resolve this issue through systematic empirical investigation. This paper reviews a number of different hypotheses clustering around work incentives, the financing of firms, and collective choice. We identify the strengths and weaknesses of each approach, filling in theoretical gaps where necessary, and conclude with some suggestions for empirical research.
Three motivational theories (need, goal, and reinforcement) suggest that recognition programs should increase employee attendance. A 1‐year, quasi‐experimental field study of absenteeism was ...conducted at 4 manufacturing plants with a total 1,100 employees. The study compared a public recognition program for improving work attendance with 3 types of controls. The personal recognition treatment showed (a) significant decreases ranging from 29% to 52% for each quarter's baseline assessment, and (b) significant decreases when the control groups showed no decrease. Employees had favorable perceptions of the public recognition program.
To describe the meaning of quality of life (QOL) in long-term cancer survivors, to validate inductively derived QOL themes, and to identify and cluster over-arching themes across long-term cancer ...survivors.
Qualitative study that was part of a larger, cross-sectional survey.
687 (57% response) cancer survivors at an average of 6.7 years after diagnosis. In the sample, 81% were female (with a mean age of 49.6 years), 72% were college educated, 63% were married, and 49% worked full time.
Mailed survey of three open-ended questions and standard QOL tools. A QOL conceptual model was used to frame the research study, describe the QOL responses of the participants, and explore the meaning of cancer survivorship. Content analysis was used to answer the research questions. Data collection and analysis occurred sequentially. MAIN RESEARCH CONCEPTS: Meaning, QOL cancer survivorship.
25 of 30 inductively derived QOL themes were validated in this study of long-term cancer survivors; 107 additional QOL themes were identified and clustered into 11 over-arching themes across the entire data set. Over-arching themes included struggle between independence-dependence, balance, wholeness, life purpose, reclaiming life, multiple losses, having control, altered meaning of health, and surviving cancer from a family perspective.
The meaning of QOL in long-term cancer survivors is multifaceted and complex.
Nurses can use this broader conception of QOL in breast cancer survivors to help patients prepare for and cope with adjustments.
Quality of life (QOL) is an important consideration as patients survive longer with cancer and is an area of increasing interest in patients with thyroid cancer who undergo long-term cancer ...surveillance. However, there are few disease-specific QOL tools available to evaluate QOL in patients with thyroid cancer. The purposes of this longitudinal, repeated-measures study were to: (1) test a new instrument, the QOL-Thyroid Scale, during thyroid hormone withdrawal; and (2) to evaluate the impact of thyroid hormone withdrawal on patients' perceived changes in quality of life. The sample included 34 subjects (mean age 40 years) undergoing thyroid hormone withdrawal in preparation for scanning procedures. Subjects completed three instruments (demographic data tool, the QOL-Thyroid, and the FACT-G) at four specific time points in relationship to scanning. The results demonstrated that the QOL-Thyroid tool is a reliable and valid measure of QOL. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of r = .78 between QOL-Thyroid and FACT-G indicated good concurrent validity. Second, the impact of thyroid hormone withdrawal on QOL showed significant changes in physical, psychological, and social well-being across the four testing points. The greatest changes occurred between peak hormone withdrawal and thyroxine (T4) therapy. While it is generally known that patients suffer troublesome physical symptoms relating to thyroid hormone withdrawal, the negative psychological, family, and work sequelae are less apparent. In conclusion, the QOL-Thyroid is a reliable and valid measure for use in evaluating patients undergoing scanning procedures and may be used to identify and target teaching and support for high-risk areas in patients lives that are negatively affected by hormone withdrawal.
Ownership positions in large corporations can be traded on anonymous markets, but professional partnerships and worker cooperatives prohibit members from transferring their positions to outsiders ...without the consent of other insiders. These contrasting policies can be explained by adverse selection, which implies that the joint payoff of the partners is at least as large when continuing rather than departing members choose the terms on which new partners can join. In a separating equilibrium, or a pooling equilibrium in which only low-quality workers apply for positions, market sorting reduces total surplus. The market can sometimes improve on random assignment of workers to firms when there is a pooling equilibrium in which both high- and low-quality types apply.
Several recent studies suggest that voters may prefer candidates who propose policies that are similar to, but more extreme than, the voters’ sincere policy preferences. This may arise either because ...voters vote directionally based on the direction and intensity of candidates’ proposals or, alternatively, because voters recognize that elected officials face obstacles to implementing their policy agenda and therefore discount the candidates’ policy promises. Using data from the Pooled Senate Election Study, we evaluate the discounting/directional hypothesis versus the alternative proximity hypothesis, by conducting individual-level and aggregate-level analyses of voting in 95 Senate races held in 1988–90–92. Our results support the discounting/directional hypothesis, that voters reward candidates when they present distinctly noncentrist positions on the side of the issue (liberal or conservative) favored by their constituency. These findings have important implications for understanding voting behavior, policy representation, and candidate strategies in Senate elections.
We report a new measurement of the parity-violating asymmetry in elastic electron scattering from the proton at backward scattering angles. This asymmetry is sensitive to the strange magnetic form ...factor of the proton as well as electroweak axial radiative corrections. The new measurement of A = -4.92+/-0.61+/-0.73 ppm provides a significant constraint on these quantities. The implications for the strange magnetic form factor are discussed in the context of theoretical estimates for the axial corrections.
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