Tissint (Morocco) is the fifth martian meteorite collected after it was witnessed falling to Earth. Our integrated mineralogical, petrological, and geochemical study shows that it is a depleted ...picritic shergottite similar to EETA79001A. Highly magnesian olivine and abundant glass containing martian atmosphere are present in Tissint. Refractory trace element, sulfur, and fluorine data for the matrix and glass veins in the meteorite indicate the presence of a martian surface component. Thus, the influence of in situ martian weathering can be unambiguously distinguished from terrestrial contamination in this meteorite. Martian weathering features in Tissint are compatible with the results of spacecraft observations of Mars. Tissint has a cosmic-ray exposure age of 0.7 ± 0.3 million years, consistent with those of many other shergottites, notably EETA79001, suggesting that they were ejected from Mars during the same event.
Exosomes are nanometer-scale, cell-derived vesicles that contain various molecules including nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. These vesicles can release their cargo into adjacent or distant cells ...and mediate intercellular communication and cellular function. Here we examined the regulation of epithelial sodium channels in mpkCCD cells and distal tubule Xenopus 2F3 cells by exosomes isolated from proximal tubule LLC-PK1 cells. Cultured mpkCCD cells were stained with CTX coupled to a green fluorophore in order to label the cell membranes and freshly isolated exosomes from LLC-PK1 cells were labeled with the red lipophilic dye PKH26 in order to visualize uptake of exosomes into the cells. Single-channel patch clamp recordings showed the open probability of ENaC in Xenopus 2F3 cells and in freshly isolated split-open tubules decreased in response to exogenous application of exosomes derived from LLC-PK1 proximal tubule cells. Active GAPDH was identified within exosomes derived from proximal tubule LLC-PK1 cells. The effect on ENaC activity in Xenopus 2F3 cells was blunted after application of exosomes transfected with the GAPDH inhibitor heptelidic acid. Also, we show GAPDH and ENaC subunits associate in mpkCCD cells. These studies examine a potential role for exosomes in the regulation of ENaC activity and examine a possible mechanism for communication from proximal tubule cells to distal tubule and collecting duct cells.
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health threat. Urgent needs in the fight against TB include improved and innovative treatment options for drug-sensitive and -resistant TB as well as reliable ...biological indicators that discriminate active from latent disease and enable monitoring of treatment success or failure. Prominent interferon (IFN) inducible gene signatures in TB patients and animal models of
infection have drawn significant attention to the roles of type I IFNs in the host response to mycobacterial infections. Here, we review recent developments in the understanding of the innate immune pathways that drive type I IFN responses in mycobacteria-infected host cells and the functional consequences for the host defense against
, with a view that such insights might be exploited for the development of targeted host-directed immunotherapies and development of reliable biomarkers.
Objective
Describe the epidemiology of obstetric patients admitted to an Intensive Care Unit (ICU).
Design
Registry‐based cohort study.
Setting
One hundred and eighty‐three ICUs in Australia and New ...Zealand.
Population
Women aged 15–49 years, admitted to ICU between 2008 and 2017, classified as pregnant, postpartum or with an obstetric‐related diagnosis.
Methods
Data were extracted from the Australia and New Zealand Intensive Care Society (ANZICS) Adult Patient Database and national agencies.
Main outcome measures
Incidence of ICU admission, cohort characteristics, maternal outcomes and changes over time.
Results
The cohort comprised 16 063 patients. The annual number of obstetric ICU admissions increased, whereas their proportion of total ICU admissions (1.3%) did not change (odds ratio 1.02, 95% CI 0.99–1.04, P = 0.14). There were 10 518 (65%) with an obstetric‐related ICU diagnosis, and 5545 (35%) with a non‐obstetric ICU diagnosis. Mean (SD) age was 31 (6.4) years, 1463 (9.1%) were Indigenous, 2305 (14%) were transferred from another hospital, and 3008 (19%) received mechanical ventilation. Median IQR length of stay in hospital was 5.2 3.1–7.9 days, which included 1.1 0.7–1.8 days in ICU. There were 108 (0.7%) maternal deaths, most (n = 97, 90%) having a non‐obstetric diagnosis. There was no change in risk‐adjusted length of stay or mortality over time.
Conclusions
Obstetric patients account for a stable proportion of ICU admissions in Australia and New Zealand. These patients typically have a short length of ICU stay and low hospital mortality.
Tweetable
Obstetric patients in Australia/New Zealand ICUs have a short length of ICU stay and low mortality.
Tweetable
Obstetric patients in Australia/New Zealand ICUs have a short length of ICU stay and low mortality.
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common immune-medicated skin disease. Previous studies have explored the relationship between Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) allelic variation and AD with conflicting ...results. The aim was to examine HLA Class I genetic variation, specifically peptide binding groove variation, and associations with AD. A case-control study was designed to evaluate HLA class I allelic variation and binding pocket polymorphisms, using next generation sequencing on 464 subjects with AD and 388 without AD. Logistic regression was used to evaluate associations with AD by estimating odds ratios (95% confidence intervals). Significant associations were noted with susceptibility to AD (B*53:01) and protection from AD (A*01:01, A*02:01, B*07:02 and C*07:02). Evaluation of polymorphic residues in Class I binding pockets revealed six amino acid residues conferring protection against AD: A9F (HLA-A, position 9, phenylalanine) pocket B/C, A97I pocket C/E, A152V pocket E, A156R pocket D/E, B163E pocket A and C116S pocket F. These findings demonstrate that specific HLA class I components are associated with susceptibility or protection from AD. Individual amino acid residues are relevant to protection from AD and set the foundation for evaluating potential HLA Class I molecules in complex with peptides/antigens that may initiate or interfere with T-cell responses.
•X-ray CT indicates variations of 20% in the L/D ratio and 4% in the nozzle area relative to design dimensions.•X-ray radiography reveals plume density variations of up to 17% about the mean.•The ...plumes exit the holes at up to 5 degrees smaller than the hole drill angle.•The plumes converge with increasing distance from the nozzle.•The plumes also converge with time, which may promote spray collapse.
Gasoline direct injection (GDI) sprays are complex multiphase flows. When compared to multi-hole diesel sprays, the plumes are closely spaced, and the sprays are more likely to interact. The effects of multi-jet interaction on entrainment and spray targeting can be influenced by small variations in the mass fluxes from the holes, which in turn depend on transients in the needle movement and small-scale details of the internal geometry. In this paper, we present a comprehensive overview of a multi-institutional effort to experimentally characterize the internal geometry and near-nozzle flow of the Engine Combustion Network (ECN) Spray G gasoline injector. In order to develop a complete picture of the near-nozzle flow, a standardized setup was shared between facilities. A wide range of techniques were employed, including both X-ray and visible-light diagnostics. The novel aspects of this work include both new experimental measurements, and a comparison of the results across different techniques and facilities. The breadth and depth of the data reveal phenomena which were not apparent from analysis of the individual data sets. We show that plume-to-plume variations in the mass fluxes from the holes can cause large-scale asymmetries in the entrainment field and spray structure. Both internal flow transients and small-scale geometric features can have an effect on the external flow. The sharp turning angle of the flow into the holes also causes an inward vectoring of the plumes relative to the hole drill angle, which increases with time due to entrainment of gas into a low-pressure region between the plumes. These factors increase the likelihood of spray collapse with longer injection durations.
The global ocean takes up nearly a quarter of anthropogenic
CO2 emissions annually, but the variability in this uptake at regional
scales remains poorly understood. Here we use a neural network ...approach to
interpolate sparse observations, creating a monthly gridded seawater partial
pressure of CO2 (pCO2) data product from January 1998 to December 2019, at 1/12∘ × 1/12∘ spatial resolution, in the
northeast Pacific open ocean, a net sink region. The data product (ANN-NEP;
NCEI Accession 0277836) was created from pCO2 observations within the
2021 version of the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) and a range of
predictor variables acting as proxies for processes affecting pCO2 to
create nonlinear relationships to interpolate observations at a spatial
resolution 4 times greater than leading global products and with better
overall performance. In moving to a higher resolution, we show that the
internal division of training data is the most important parameter for
reducing overfitting. Using our pCO2 product, wind speed, and
atmospheric CO2, we evaluate air–sea CO2 flux variability. On
sub-decadal to decadal timescales, we find that the upwelling strength of
the subpolar Alaskan Gyre, driven by large-scale atmospheric forcing, acts
as the primary control on air–sea CO2 flux variability (r2=0.93, p<0.01). In the northern part of our study region, divergence
from atmospheric CO2 is enhanced by increased local wind stress curl,
enhancing upwelling and entrainment of naturally CO2-rich subsurface
waters, leading to decade-long intervals of strong winter outgassing. During
recent Pacific marine heat waves from 2013 on, we find enhanced atmospheric
CO2 uptake (by as much as 45 %) due to limited wintertime
entrainment. Our product estimates long-term surface ocean pCO2 increase
at a rate below the atmospheric trend (1.4 ± 0.1 µatm yr−1)
with the slowest increase in the center of the subpolar gyre where there is
strong interaction with subsurface waters. This mismatch suggests the
northeast Pacific Ocean sink for atmospheric CO2 may be increasing.
To explore faculty and student utilization of social media and its professional implications in nurse education.
A descriptive study. Five hundred six Bachelor of Nursing students, 112 Practical ...Nursing students and 74 faculty members were invited to complete a questionnaire of 28 questions relating to social media.
Three hundred thirty-seven students and 29 faculty responded. Students spent significantly more time using social media compared to faculty and both groups used it mainly for personal use. However, almost twice as many students used social media for educational purposes than did faculty (58.5% vs 27.6%, p<0.001). While almost 96% of students used social media to talk about academic related problems, only 28% of faculty did so (p<0.000). Almost 60% of faculty expressly disagreed with using social media to discuss academic related problems.
YouTube and text messaging were popular platforms for educational purposes. While Facebook was also a popular educational site for students (95% used it for informal learning; 67% for formal learning), it was much less commonly used by faculty (45% used it for informal learning; 17% for formal learning).
More students than faculty felt that they were aware of privacy features, and of the professional behavior expected when using social media. In addition, more students (90.7%) than faculty (71.43%) used these privacy features (p<0.000). However, 100% of students compared to only 13.79% of faculty reported that they had posted information that they would not want a prospective employer/member of academic staff to view (p=0.003).
There is a high reported usage of social media among students and faculty. Utilization of public platforms, while potentially beneficial, can have professional implications if not used appropriately with both personal and academic use. Developing best practice approaches for using social media in nurse education is essential to ensure that faculty and students are informed of e-professionalism.
•Students spend more time than faculty using social media and use it mainly for personal reasons.•A much larger percentage of students compared to faculty were using social media for educational purposes.•Utilization of these public platforms can have professional implications if used inappropriately for personal and academic use.•Education and support in the appropriate use of social media is needed for students and faculty.•Future development of social media policies and guidelines are required in nurse education.
This study presents performance specifications of an in‐house developed human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing assay using next‐generation sequencing (NGS) on the Illumina MiSeq platform. A total of ...253 samples, previously characterized for HLA‐A, ‐B, ‐C, ‐DRB1 and ‐DQB1 were included in this study, which were typed at high‐resolution using a combination of Sanger sequencing, sequence‐specific primer (SSP) and sequence‐specific oligonucleotide probe (SSOP) technologies and recorded at the two‐field level. Samples were selected with alleles that cover a high percentage of HLA specificities in each of five different race/ethnic groups: European, African‐American, Asian Pacific Islander, Hispanic and Native American. Sequencing data were analyzed by two software programs, Omixon's target and GenDx's NGSengine. A number of metrics including allele balance, sensitivity, specificity, precision, accuracy and remaining ambiguity were assessed. Data analyzed by the two software systems are shown independently. The majority of alleles were identical in the exonic sequences (third field) with both programs for HLA‐A, ‐B, ‐C and ‐DQB1 in 97.7% of allele determinations. Among the remaining discrepant genotype calls at least one of the analysis programs agreed with the reference typing. Upon additional manual analysis 100% of the 2530 alleles were concordant with the reference HLA genotypes; the remaining ambiguities did not exceed 0.8%. The results demonstrate the feasibility and significant benefit of HLA typing by NGS as this technology is highly accurate, eliminates virtually all ambiguities, provides complete sequencing information for the length of the HLA gene and forms the basis for utilizing a single methodology for HLA typing in the immunogenetics labs.
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