The LHCb simulation application, Gauss, is based on the Gaudi framework and on experiment basic components such as the Event Model and Detector Description. Gauss also depends on external libraries ...for the generation of the primary events (PYTHIA 6, EvtGen, etc.) and on GEANT4 for particle transport in the experimental setup. The application supports the production of different types of events from minimum bias to B physics signals and particle guns. It is used for purely generator-level studies as well as full simulations. Gauss is used both directly by users and in massive central productions on the grid. The design and implementation of the application and its evolution due to evolving requirements will be described as in the case of the recently adopted Python-based configuration or the possibility of taking into account detectors conditions via a Simulation Conditions database. The challenge of supporting at the same time the flexibililty needed for the different tasks for which it is used, from evaluation of physics reach to background modeling, together with the stability and reliabilty of the code will also be described.
Upgrade of LHCb-RICH detectors Easo, S.
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
12/2014, Volume:
766
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
The two RICH detectors installed in LHCb have performed successfully during the 2010-2012 data taking period. The data from these detectors were essential to most of the physics results published by ...LHCb. During this period LHCb collected data corresponding to 3 fb super(-1) of integrated luminosity. From 2019 onwards LHCb plans to collect data corresponding to 5 fb super(-1) of integrated luminosity per year in order to improve the statistical precision of the experiment and to search for very rare B-decays and D-decays. This would increase the readout rate and occupancies for the RICH detectors. To cope with these challenges, the Hybrid Photon Detectors (HPDs) are being replaced by MaPMTs and the optics of the upstream RICH is being modified. Simulations show that these measures recover the particle identification performance that would have been otherwise lost at the high luminosity.
Overview of LHCb RICH detector development Easo, S.
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
11/2005, Volume:
553, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
For particle identification, LHCb will use two RICH detectors, one covering the charged particle momentum range 1–65
GeV/
c
using aerogel and
C
4
F
10
radiators and the other covering up to 100
GeV/
...c
using
CF
4
radiator. A Hybrid Photon Detector (HPD) with a 80
mm photocathode diameter has been developed, to detect the Cherenkov photons in the wavelength range 200–600
nm. To shield the HPD arrays from magnetic fields up to 600
Gauss in one detector and 150
Gauss in the other, a shielding system has been designed with Mumetal cylinders enclosing each HPD. The engineering design of both RICH detectors has been completed and the construction and assembly of several components has started. The installation of these detectors in LHCb is expected to be completed in 2006.
The design and current status of the LHCb RICH system will be reviewed and the expected performance from realistic simulations will be shown.
In 2012, an expert panel composed of presidents of each of the societies, the European Chapter of the International Federation for the Surgery of Obesity (IFSO-EC), and of the European Association ...for the Study of Obesity (EASO), as well as of the chair of EASO Obesity Management Task Force (EASO OMTF) and other key representatives from IFSO-EC and EASO, devoted the joint Medico-Surgical Workshop of both institutions to the topic of metabolic surgery in advance of the 2013 European Congress on Obesity held in Liverpool. This meeting was prompted by the extraordinary advancement made in the field of metabolic and bariatric surgery during the past decade. It was agreed to revise and update the 2008 Interdisciplinary European Guidelines on Surgery of Severe Obesity produced by focusing in particular on the evidence gathered in relation to the effects on diabetes and the changes in the recommendations of patient eligibility criteria. The expert panel allowed the coverage of key disciplines in the comprehensive management of obesity and obesity-associated diseases, aimed specifically at updating the clinical guidelines to reflect current knowledge, expertise and evidence-based data on metabolic and bariatric surgery.
Dextran stabilized iron oxide nanoparticles (DIONPs) synthesized and characterized for hyperthermia application were tested for toxicokinetics and biodistribution in order to analyze the prospect of ...safety and biocompatibility of these particles for advanced use. Rats were administered a single dose of DIONPs at a concentration of 10 mg kg−1 by intravenous injection with a post-exposure period of 1, 7, 14 and 28 days. Liver, spleen, kidney, blood, urine and feces were examined for iron content by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. At 24 h, greater amounts of nanoparticles were deposited in liver and spleen. Maximum absorption of iron in blood occurred at day 7 and excess iron appeared to be eliminated by liver, seemingly via biliary excretion. Serum hematology and biochemistry analysis revealed an overall lack of systemic toxicity due to metabolism of DIONPs. Additionally, pathological changes associated with repeated exposure to DIONPs with a post exposure period of 28 days were also assessed. Although no significant pathological alterations were seen in spleen or kidney, slight morphological deviations from normal were observed in liver. Further progression in the analysis of biological response towards DIONPs will be determined in long-term studies in the presence of an alternating magnetic field in the context of hyperthermia application.
Development of the RICH detectors in LHCb Easo, S.
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
04/2003, Volume:
502, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
For particle identification, LHCb plans to use two RICH detectors, one covering the charged particle momentum range 1–65GeV/c using aerogel and C4F10 radiators and the other covering up to 150GeV/c ...using CF4 radiator. Hybrid photo diodes (HPD) with 80mm photocathode diameter are being developed to detect the Cherenkov photons in the wavelength range 200–600nm. The HPDs encapsulate silicon pixel anodes bump bonded to binary readout chips processed using 0.25μm CMOS technology. Results obtained with prototype radiators and HPDs in test beams will be presented and the design and development of these RICH detectors will be reviewed.
Background: The very low-calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) has been recently proposed as an appealing nutritional strategy for obesity management. The VLCKD is characterized by a low carbohydrate ...content (<50 g/day), 1–1.5 g of protein/kg of ideal body weight, 15–30 g of fat/day, and a daily intake of about 500–800 calories. Objectives: The aim of the current document is to suggest a common protocol for VLCKD and to summarize the existing literature on its efficacy in weight management and weight-related comorbidities, as well as the possible side effects. Methods: This document has been prepared in adherence with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Literature searches, study selection, methodology development, and quality appraisal were performed independently by 2 authors and the data were collated by means of a meta-analysis and narrative synthesis. Results: Of the 645 articles retrieved, 15 studies met the inclusion criteria and were reviewed, revealing 4 main findings. First, the VLCKD was shown to result in a significant weight loss in the short, intermediate, and long terms and improvement in body composition parameters as well as glycemic and lipid profiles. Second, when compared with other weight loss interventions of the same duration, the VLCKD showed a major effect on reduction of body weight, fat mass, waist circumference, total cholesterol and triglyceridemia as well as improved insulin resistance. Third, although the VLCKD also resulted in a significant reduction of glycemia, HbA1c, and LDL cholesterol, these changes were similar to those obtained with other weight loss interventions. Finally, the VLCKD can be considered a safe nutritional approach under a health professional’s supervision since the most common side effects are usually clinically mild and easily to manage and recovery is often spontaneous. Conclusions: The VLCKD can be recommended as an effective dietary treatment for individuals with obesity after considering potential contra-indications and keeping in mind that any dietary treatment has to be personalized. Prospero Registry: The assessment of the efficacy of VLCKD on body weight, body composition, glycemic and lipid parameters in overweight and obese subjects: a meta-analysis (CRD42020205189).
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