Abstract Objectives Avoidable mortality is often used as a key indicator of broader health inequalities. Health inequalities refer to unfair differences in the quality of health and wellbeing, and ...health care across different populations. This includes differences in the presence of disease, health outcomes, or access to health care. Migrants represent a disadvantaged and growing demographic with special health risks. This study analyses the usages of the concept of avoidable mortality as applied in studies on migrants in Europe. In doing so, the study aims to identify the strengths and limitations of the concept of avoidable mortality for comparative work. Study design A scoping review was conducted for the period of 1990–2011. Methods Publications were identified by a systematic search of PUBMED and WEB OF SCIENCE. An additional five publications were found through the search via references. A total number of 37 publications from 10 European countries were included in the analysis. Results The authors divided studies according to direct versus indirect usage of the concept. Studies with direct usage of the concept established a correlation between patterns of avoidable mortality and health care system performance. Additionally, they searched studies which indirectly used avoidable mortality to examine further evidence for the strengths and weaknesses of the concept. These studies used indicators of amenable mortality (at times alongside other mortality indicators) without making direct reference to the concept. Findings using both approaches identified a similar trend in principal causes of premature death. The difference between the two types of studies concerned the more detailed analysis of the causes of death in studies with direct usage categorising into treatable versus preventable causes of death, or health policy versus medical intervention. Conclusions The results of this article highlight the role of health care systems in contributing to migrant health outcomes: whereas mixed outcomes across a number of indicators of avoidable mortality used indirectly do arise, the large number of studies – especially those using the concept directly – evidence a higher share of premature mortality for migrants compared to host populations. These findings can provide policy makers with important insights into targeted ways of improving the access and quality of health services for marginalised populations. However, the strength and depth of such insights stand to improve, as current research on avoidable mortality is often indirect (rather than overt and systematic), thereby limiting the potential for cross-national comparison, as well as a clearer understanding of the links between health outcomes and health care system performance for a disadvantaged group.
At intermediate energies, the
(
d,
2
He)
charge-exchange reaction can be used to observe Gamow–Teller strength in the β
+ direction.
2
He
denotes the two-proton system being in the singlet
1
S
0
...state. In the present experiment the two protons, which in the laboratory frame are emitted into the forward direction, have been momentum analyzed and detected in coincidence by the same spectrometer and detector. Protons from deuteron breakup processes can induce a large accidental coincidence background because of the much larger breakup cross-section as compared to the
(
d,
2
He)
cross-section. Nevertheless, background-free
2
He
spectra with a resolution of
145
keV
at an incident energy of
170
MeV
are obtained, allowing the identification of many levels with high precision in the residual nuclei. The essential features of the detection system and the data-acquisition and analysis techniques which make our
(
d,
2
He)
experiments possible are described. Two nuclei,
12C and
24Mg, have been used as a test case.
A comprehensive collection of results on longitudinal double-spin asymmetries is presented for charged pions and kaons produced in semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering of electrons and positrons ...on the proton and deuteron, based on the full HERMES data set. The dependence of the asymmetries on hadron transverse momentum and azimuthal angle extends the sensitivity to the flavor structure of the nucleon beyond the distribution functions accessible in the collinear framework. No strong dependence on those variables is observed. In addition, the hadron charge-difference asymmetry is presented, which under certain model assumptions provides access to the helicity distributions of valence quarks.
Exclusive electroproduction of
ω
mesons on unpolarized hydrogen and deuterium targets is studied in the kinematic region of
Q
2
>
1.0
GeV
2
, 3.0 GeV
<
W
<
6.3 GeV, and
-
t
′
<
0.2
GeV
2
. ...Results on the angular distribution of the
ω
meson, including its decay products, are presented. The data were accumulated with the HERMES forward spectrometer during the 1996–2007 running period using the 27.6 GeV longitudinally polarized electron or positron beam of HERA. The determination of the virtual-photon longitudinal-to-transverse cross-section ratio reveals that a considerable part of the cross section arises from transversely polarized photons. Spin density matrix elements are presented in projections of
Q
2
or
-
t
′
. Violation of
s
-channel helicity conservation is observed for some of these elements. A sizable contribution from unnatural-parity-exchange amplitudes is found and the phase shift between those amplitudes that describe transverse
ω
production by longitudinal and transverse virtual photons,
γ
L
∗
→
ω
T
and
γ
T
∗
→
ω
T
, is determined for the first time. A hierarchy of helicity amplitudes is established, which mainly means that the unnatural-parity-exchange amplitude describing the
γ
T
∗
→
ω
T
transition dominates over the two natural-parity-exchange amplitudes describing the
γ
L
∗
→
ω
L
and
γ
T
∗
→
ω
T
transitions, with the latter two being of similar magnitude. Good agreement is found between the HERMES proton data and results of a pQCD-inspired phenomenological model that includes pion-pole contributions, which are of unnatural parity.
For proton-induced reactions, a formalism is presented to determine polarization observables using a focal-plane polarimeter in combination with a large-acceptance spectrometer, where also the effect ...of the scattering in the non-dispersive plane of the spectrometer is taken into account. The inclusive proton-carbon analyzing power needed for the determination of spin observables was studied over a wide angular range and a new parameterization for this quantity was deduced.
Hard exclusive electroproduction of
ω
mesons is studied with the HERMES spectrometer at the DESY laboratory by scattering 27.6 GeV positron and electron beams off a transversely polarized hydrogen ...target. The amplitudes of five azimuthal modulations of the single-spin asymmetry of the cross section with respect to the transverse proton polarization are measured. They are determined in the entire kinematic region as well as for two bins in photon virtuality and momentum transfer to the nucleon. Also, a separation of asymmetry amplitudes into longitudinal and transverse components is done. These results are compared to a phenomenological model that includes the pion pole contribution. Within this model, the data favor a positive
π
ω
transition form factor.
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