Australian Animal Law: Context and Critique provides
comprehensive information about the legal and regulatory framework
governing the interaction between humans and animals.
By relating specific ...content areas to the discipline's broader
characteristics and themes, researcher Elizabeth Ellis exposes the
systemic nature of current problems and the consequent need for
significant change. This book also illustrates the role of official
animal protection narratives in legitimising the existing system
despite the many factual flaws they contain.
Ellis covers the major areas of animal law in detail,
incorporating accessible contextual material and allowing readers
to consolidate their understanding and build upon their knowledge.
Key areas include the concept of unnecessary animal suffering, the
effective exemption of most animals from the operation of cruelty
laws, regulatory conflicts of interest, the hidden nature of animal
use and the lack of transparency in animal law.
Australian Animal Law is an essential resource,
inviting reflection on the way the law helps to construct the
relationship between human and non-human animals, including through
its silences and omissions.
Teacher linguistic identity has so far mainly been researched in terms of whether a teacher identifies (or is identified by others) as a native speaker (NEST) or nonnative speaker (NNEST) (Moussu & ...Llurda, 2008; Reis, 2011). Native speakers are presumed to be monolingual, and nonnative speakers, although by definition bilingual, tend to be defined by their perceived deficiency in English. Despite widespread acceptance of Cook's (1999) notions of second language (L2) user and multicompetence, and despite major critiques of the concept of the native speaker (Davies, 2003; Hackert, 2012), the dichotomy lives on in the minds of teachers, learners, and directors of language programs worldwide. This article sets out to show that the linguistic identities of TESOL teachers are varied and complex, and that the dichotomy does little justice to this complexity. Findings are reported from the linguistic biographies of 29 teachers of adult TESOL in seven countries, and a detailed account is given of the rich linguistic identities of two of those teachers, one in Japan and one in Canada. The findings bear out those from Ellis (2013) undertaken in the Australian context. The article concludes with a call for recognition of the plurilingual multicompetencies of all TESOL teachers, and for these identities to be valued in the context of the TESOL classroom to assist learners who are becoming plurilingual.
This article reports a study on a little-researched area: the linguistic repertoires of teachers of English as a second language (ESL) to adults. It proposes that, to heed recent calls to recognise ...learners' plurilingualism and to incorporate learners' languages in the ESL classroom, teachers' plurilingualism must be acknowledged and valued. This study investigated the language biographies of plurilingual and monolingual teachers of ESL in Australia and found them to be characterised by a wide range of circumstantial and elective language learning experiences. The effect of different experiences on teachers' knowledge and beliefs about language learning and teaching are presented and discussed, drawing upon literature from language teacher cognition. Plurilingual teachers were found to see language learning as challenging but possible, whereas monolingual teachers associated language learning with their own unsuccessful experiences and saw it as difficult and potentially humiliating. Circumstantial plurilinguals were found to have a wide range of language experiences which contribute to their understanding of familial language use and issues arising from child and adult migration. All the plurilinguals were found to have gained useful insights about language teaching from their own experiences, and the article argues that these should be seen as a resource for systematic reflection in teacher education.
Summary Fibrosis is a common pathological process for the majority of liver diseases which in a significant minority of patients leads to end-stage cirrhosis and/or hepatocellular carcinoma. Data ...emerging from small rodent models of chronic liver disease have demonstrated that fibrotic extracellular matrix can be remodelled and near-normal hepatic architecture regenerated upon cessation of injury. Moreover, regression of liver fibrosis in these model systems can be stimulated with drugs that target the activities of fibrogenic hepatic stellate cells. These findings are exciting as they suggest that established fibrosis is susceptible to regression and possibly even reversion. Alongside these experimental studies is a growing body of clinical data that suggest regression of fibrosis may also occur in liver disease patients for whom an effective treatment is available for their underlying liver injury. This paper provides an up-to-date review of the currently available clinical data and also considers technical caveats that highlight the need for caution in establishing a new dogma that human liver fibrosis is reversible.
Reactive aldehydes and ketones are produced as a result of oxidative stress in several disease processes. Considerable evidence is now accumulating that these reactive carbonyl products are also ...involved in the progression of diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, atherosclerosis, diabetic complications, reperfusion after ischemic injury, hypertension, and inflammation. To counter carbonyl stress, cells possess enzymes that can decrease aldehyde load. These enzymes include aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDH), aldo-keto reductases (AKR), carbonyl reductase (CBR), and glutathione S-transferases (GST). Some of these enzymes are inducible by chemoprotective compounds via Nrf2/ARE- or AhR/XRE-dependent mechanisms. This review describes the metabolism of reactive carbonyls and discusses the potential for manipulating levels of carbonyl-metabolizing enzymes through chemical intervention.
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•Crack-free pure molybdenum is fabricated via electron beam melting AM.•Fiber texture switching is observed across various energy density settings.•The weld pool shape likely drives ...the fiber selection mechanism.•Columnar grains consist of fine subgrains believed to be due to process stresses.
Additive manufacturing (AM) technologies offer novel opportunities for processing difficult to cast refractory materials. Electron beam melting (EBM) AM is particularly attractive as the rapidly moving electron beam can be utilized to heat the powder bed which mitigates against some process induced cracking mechanisms. A great deal of prior work has been done to investigate laser based processing of molybdenum but little EBM focused work currently exists. In this work we investigate EBM processed molybdenum and observe sharp 001,111, and mixed 001 &111 crystallographic fibers in the build direction. The apparent preference between these build direction fibers is dependent on the imposed energy density and this is likely explained by the weld pool shape. Detailed microscopy reveals that the observed columnar grains consist of much finer equiaxed low angle boundary subgrains suggesting large process induced stresses leading to appreciable plastic deformation. The implications resulting from this work are that molybdenum may be processed crack-free via EBM AM and that fiber-switching may be controlled, and exploited, towards fabricating components with optimized performance.
Processing of tungsten through electron beam melting Ellis, Elizabeth A.I.; Sprayberry, Michael A.; Ledford, Christopher ...
Journal of nuclear materials,
November 2021, 2021-11-00, 20211101, 2021-11-01, Volume:
555, Issue:
C
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Additive manufacturing (AM) presents a new design paradigm for the manufacture of engineering materials through the layer-by-layer approach combined with welding theory. In the instance of difficult ...to process materials such as tungsten and other refractory metals, AM offers an opportunity for radical redesign of critical components for next-generation energy technologies including fusion. In this work, electron beam powder bed fusion (EB-PBF) is applied to process pure tungsten to study the influence of process parameters on the defect density of the material. An in-situ image analysis algorithm is applied to pure tungsten for the first time, and is used to visualize the defect structure in AM tungsten. Finally, a cracking mechanism for AM tungsten is proposed, and suggestions for suppression of cracks in pure tungsten are offered.
The metastable tetragonal beta phase of tantalum can be made in thin film form by sputter deposition and has very different properties from the stable BCC alpha phase. Both phases are important in ...thin film technologies. However, despite fifty years of study, the mechanism of phase selection remains unknown. To evaluate the role of energetic deposition, we prepared a series of films under varying Ar sputter pressures. Measurements of film stress as a function of sputter gas pressure allow us to unambiguously index diffraction peaks to determine phase and texture. This peak indexing allows us to confirm that β-Ta has a distorted Frank-Kasper sigma structure (P4¯21m), rather than the β-U structure (P42/mnm) that is usually assumed. We find only the beta phase in our films in the form of a dominant (002) β-Ta fiber component that becomes broader as the pressure increases. Based on calculations of the energy of incident Ta atoms and Ar neutrals, we show that resputtering could account for the changes in texture distribution. By comparing these results with a detailed review of the literature, we are able to propose a phase selection mechanism that is consistent with the vast majority of published results, namely that β-Ta grows epitaxially on a TaOx layer, possibly TaO2, that forms during the initial phase of deposition. Oxygen is not required in the growing film to maintain the beta structure.
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Tantalum thin films may be deposited in two phases. The stable bulk alpha phase is well known, but the metastable tetragonal beta phase is relatively poorly understood. We reported previously on a ...series of 100% β-Ta films deposited under varying sputter pressures in a low-oxygen environment, and discussed texture, stresses, and phase selection. Here, we discuss microstructure, morphology, and properties of these same β-Ta films. Grain size increases with sputter pressure, which can be explained by the energies of incident species at the growing film. Mechanical properties were measured by nanoindentation. Hardness decreases with grain size in accordance with the Hall-Petch relation while comparison of indentation modulus with biaxial modulus measurements indicates that the β phase is elastically anisotropic, and much stiffer in the 001 direction than in others. Finally, a canonical resistivity value for virtually oxygen-free, 100% β-Ta films of 169 ± 5 µΩcm is reported for the first time.
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Low-frequency collective vibrational modes in proteins have been proposed as being responsible for efficiently directing biochemical reactions and biological energy transport. However, evidence of ...the existence of delocalized vibrational modes is scarce and proof of their involvement in biological function absent. Here we apply extremely sensitive femtosecond optical Kerr-effect spectroscopy to study the depolarized Raman spectra of lysozyme and its complex with the inhibitor triacetylchitotriose in solution. Underdamped delocalized vibrational modes in the terahertz frequency domain are identified and shown to blue-shift and strengthen upon inhibitor binding. This demonstrates that the ligand-binding coordinate in proteins is underdamped and not simply solvent-controlled as previously assumed. The presence of such underdamped delocalized modes in proteins may have significant implications for the understanding of the efficiency of ligand binding and protein-molecule interactions, and has wider implications for biochemical reactivity and biological function.
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