Nordic Nutrition Recommendations recommend reducing red and processed meat and increasing fish consumption, but the impact of this replacement on mortality is understudied. This study investigated ...the replacement of red and processed meat with fish in relation to mortality. Of 83 304 women in the Norwegian Women and Cancer Study (NOWAC) study, 9420 died during a median of 21·0 years of follow-up. The hazard ratios (HR) for mortality were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression with analyses stratified on red and processed meat intake due to non-linearity. Higher processed meat (> 30 g/d), red and processed meat (> 50 g/d), and fatty fish consumption were associated with higher mortality, while red meat and lean fish consumption were neutral or beneficial. Among women with higher processed meat intake (> 30 g/d), replacing 20 g/d with lean fish was associated with lower all-cause (HR 0·92, 95 % CI 0·89, 0·96), cancer (HR 0·92, 95 % CI 0·88, 0·97) and CVD mortality (HR 0·82, 95 % CI 0·74, 0·90), while replacing with fatty fish was associated with lower CVD mortality (HR 0·87, 95 % CI 0·77, 0·97), but not with all-cause or cancer mortality. Replacing processed meat with fish among women with lower processed meat intake (≤ 30 g/d) or replacing red meat with fish was not associated with mortality. Replacing processed meat with lean or fatty fish may lower the risk of premature deaths in Norwegian women, but only in women with high intake of processed meat. These findings suggest that interventions to reduce processed meat intake should target high consumers.
The shape of the associations between intake of foods basic in a healthy Nordic diet and long-term health is not well known. Therefore, we have examined all-cause mortality in a large, prospective ...cohort of women in Norway in relation to intake of: Nordic fruits and vegetables, fatty fish, lean fish, wholegrain products, and low-fat dairy products.
A total of 83 669 women who completed a food frequency questionnaire between 1996 and 2004 were followed up for mortality until the end of 2018. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to examine the associations between consumption of the Nordic food groups and all-cause mortality. The Nordic food groups were examined as categorical exposures, and all but wholegrain products also as continuous exposures in restricted cubic spline models.
A total of 8 507 women died during the 20-year follow-up period. Nordic fruits and vegetables, fatty fish and low-fat dairy products were observed to be non-linearly associated with all-cause mortality, while higher intake of lean fish and wholegrain products reduced all-cause mortality. Intake levels and hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) associated with lowest mortality were approximately 200 g/day of Nordic fruits and vegetables (HR 0.83 (95% CI: 0.77-0.91)), 10-20 g/day of fatty fish (10 g/day: HR 0.98 (95% CI: 0.94-1.02)) and 200 g/day of low-fat dairy products (HR 0.96 (95% CI: 0.81-1.01)) compared to no consumption. Consumption of fatty fish ≥ 60 g/day compared to no intake statistically significantly increased the mortality (60 g/day: HR 1.08 (95% CI: 1.01-1.16)), as did consumption of low-fat dairy products ≥ 800 g/day compared to no intake (800 g/day: HR 1.10 (95% CI: 1.02-1.20)). After stratification by smoking status, the observed association between Nordic fruits and vegetables and all-cause mortality was stronger in ever smokers.
The associations between intake of foods basic in healthy Nordic diets and all-cause mortality may be non-linear. Therefore, assumptions of linear associations between traditional Nordic food groups and health outcomes could lead to wrong conclusions in analyses of healthy Nordic diets.
High adherence to the Healthy Nordic Food Index has been associated with better health outcomes, but the results have not been consistent. The association between high adherence and higher intake of ...energy and healthy and less healthy foods has been persistent across countries, highlighting the need to examine potential confounding by energy intake.
This study aimed to examine energy-adjusted dietary factors and lifestyle factors related to the index in a Norwegian context.
The study was cross-sectional within the Norwegian Women and Cancer cohort and included 81,516 women aged 41-76. Information about habitual food intake was based on a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The index incorporated six food groups (fish, root vegetables, cabbages, apples/pears, whole grain bread, and breakfast cereals). Ordered trend and regression analyses were performed to assess the association between the index and lifestyle and dietary factors with energy-adjusted models.
Nearly one out of four women (22.8%) had low adherence, 49.0% had medium adherence, and 28.2% had high adherence to the index. Intake of energy and of both healthy and less healthy foods increased with increased adherence. Energy adjustment removed the associations between less healthy foods and high adherence and demonstrated a better dietary composition in high adherers. The healthy Nordic foods contributed more to the total food intake in high versus low adherers, and high adherence was associated with a healthier lifestyle.
High adherence was associated with a healthier lifestyle, both concerning diet and other factors. Energy adjustment of potential confounding foods removed associations between high adherence and less healthy foods. The Nordic foods accounted for a larger fraction of the diet among high adherers, at the expense of other healthy foods. Careful adjustment for confounders is warranted when assessing associations between the index and health outcomes.
Since the first version of the dietary inflammatory index (DII®) developed in the past decade, several other versions have been developed. However, to date no study has attempted to compare these ...versions with respect to their associations with biomarkers of inflammation.
We aimed to investigate the relationship between four dietary inflammatory scores DII, two energy-adjusted derivatives (E-DII and E-DIIr), and the Inflammatory Score of the Diet (ISD), and circulating levels of several inflammatory markers and adipokines.
This study included 17 637 participants from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort with at least one marker of inflammation measured in blood. Associations between the four scores and C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)6, IL10, IL1RA, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor-1 (sTNFR1), sTNFR2, leptin, soluble leptin receptor (sLeptin R), adiponectin, and High Molecular Weight (HMW) adiponectin were evaluated using multivariable linear regressions adjusted for potential confounders.
Positive associations were observed between the four dietary inflammatory scores and levels of CRP, IL6, sTNFR1, sTNFR2 and leptin. However, only the DII and the ISD were positively associated with IL1RA levels and only the DII and the E-DIIr were positively associated with TNFα levels. The proportion of variance of each biomarker explained by the scores was lower than 2%, which was equivalent to the variance explained by smoking status but much lower than that explained by body mass index.
Our results suggest that the four dietary inflammatory scores were associated with some biomarkers of inflammation and could be used to assess the inflammatory potential of diet in European adults but are not sufficient to capture the inflammatory status of an individual. These findings can help to better understand the inflammatory potential of diet, but they need to be replicated in studies with repeated dietary measurements.
ABSTRACT This case gamifies several topics from a typical auditing curriculum by placing students in a modified escape room activity. Students act as new associates in Audit and Assurance services of ...CBA Associates, LLP. As part of their external audit orientation and training, students are provided with background information for a fictitious company, Tinsley Industrial Medical Equipment (TIME). Drawing on knowledge learned in traditional undergraduate auditing courses, students are tasked with solving several puzzles disguised as audit tasks. Topics and skills needed to unlock a series of locks include analysis of fraud scenarios, evaluation of the audit risk model, calculation of planning materiality and tolerable misstatement, identification of management assertions and related audit procedures, and detailed scrutiny of control process narratives and document flow diagrams. To successfully complete the case, students must effectively communicate and collaborate to solve the puzzles in the allotted time.
•A positive attitude toward a mandatory security change leads to greater intention to comply.•Intention to comply is related to actual compliance behavior.•For early conformers, influence of others ...does not affect their intentions to comply.•Branding can raise awareness of a security change and intention to comply with the change.
Individuals often fail to perform the security behaviors their organizations request to protect informational assets. However, forcing individuals into the compliance can trigger undesired behaviors. We propose a model grounded in Theory of Planned Behavior and information security literature to study determinants of early conformance toward technology-enforced security policies. The model was tested with 535 respondents from a university that implemented new password policies. The results show support for all the proposed relationships, except that subjective norm does not affect intentions. This important finding is explained by the leading role of early conformers, which highlights the importance of context-specific theorizing by researchers.
Background
Diabetic nephropathy is the most common cause of end‐stage renal failure in the western world and Asia. The mechanisms are not fully elucidated, but disruption of glomerular endothelial ...glycocalyx and shedding of its components including syndecans has been implicated.
Aims
We hypothesize that reduced glomerular filtration in diabetes is caused by disruption of endothelial glycocalyx in glomeruli, including increased shedding of syndecan‐4. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of experimental diabetic conditions by means of hyperglycemia and IL‐1β exposure on syndecan‐4 shedding in GEnC, and to investigate regulation of shedding by sheddases.
Results
We found that in GEnC the expression of syndecan‐4 is higher than that of the other syndecans. In polarized GEnC, apical shedding of syndecan‐4 and syndecan‐4 gene expression was increased by 60% after IL‐1β‐stimulation, but not affected by hyperglycemic conditions. This was accompanied by a 50% increase in MMP9 gene expression in IL‐1β‐stimulated cells but not hyperglycemia. MMP9 knockdown reduced syndecan‐4 shedding by 50%.
Conclusion
IL‐1β but not hyperglycemia increases the shedding of syndecan‐4 from GEnC in an MMP9‐dependent manner. This provides a potential mechanism of GEnC damage in diabetes and other inflammatory conditions.
According to the World Cancer Research Fund International, vitamin D might decrease the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, less is known about the association with cancers in different ...subsites of the colon and in the rectum. The aim of this study was to examine associations between pre-diagnostic intake of vitamin D and risk of CRC by anatomical subsites. Data from 95 416 participants in the Norwegian Women and Cancer Cohort Study was included, and vitamin D intake was estimated from two repeated FFQ. Associations between vitamin D intake and incidence of CRC were assessed using multivariable Cox regression. During follow-up, there were 1774 incident cases of CRC. A small but borderline significant inverse association was found for a 5-µg increase in vitamin D intake and risk of CRC (hazard ratio (HR) = 0·97; 95 % CI 0·93, 1·01) and colon cancer (HR = 0·96; 95 % CI 0·91, 1·01). High (≥ 20 µg) compared with low (< 10 µg) vitamin D intake was associated with 17 % borderline significant reduced risk of CRC (HR = 0·83; 95 % CI 0·68, 1·02). Medium (10–19 µg) v. low intake (< 10 µg) was associated with 27 % reduced risk of proximal colon cancer (HR = 0·73; 95 % CI 0·57, 0·94). No significant associations were observed between vitamin D intake and risk of distal colon or rectal cancer. Our study indicates that vitamin D may be differently associated with subsites of the colon. The association between vitamin D intake and proximal colon cancer is novel.
•Accounting staff are gender-balanced but many university accounting programs are not.•We examine how gender and impostor feelings shape business students’ choice of major.•Students who feel like ...impostors may feel constantly driven to prove themselves.•Students who feel like impostors tend to choose harder majors, including accounting.•Women with impostor feelings who find accounting hard are most prone to major in it.
Staff level public accounting firm employees are roughly gender-balanced, leading one to believe accounting majors should be similarly balanced. However, some universities find their female-identifying student population to be smaller than expected. Students have many reasons for choosing a particular major, including personality fit, subject aptitude, and career opportunities. Likewise, students may avoid certain majors due to perceived difficulty and feelings of impostor phenomenon (IP), which can be described as a feeling of not being good enough or smart enough despite evidence to the contrary. This study seeks to discover how gender, perceived difficulty, impostor phenomenon, and perceived opportunity impact a student’s decision to major in accounting. We find that those who rate career opportunities as high relative to other majors are more likely to choose accounting as a major. Additionally, students with high IP are more likely to major in accounting than other students. Interestingly, women with high IP who also perceive accounting to be a difficult major are even more likely to major in accounting than other students. This appears to be due to the common drive of high IP individuals to continue to strive to convince themselves and others that they are not the impostors they believe themselves to be.
PDF
