CD63 is a member of the four-transmembrane-domain protein superfamily and is the first characterized tetraspanin protein. In the present study, we cloned the common carp (Cyprinus Carpio) CD63 ...(ccCD63) sequence and found that the ccCD63 ORF contained 711 bp and encoded a protein of 236 amino acids. Homology analysis revealed that the complete ccCD63 sequence had 84.08% amino acid similarity to CD63 of Sinocyclocheilus anshuiensis. Subcellular localization analysis revealed that ccCD63 was localized in the cytoplasm. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis indicated that ccCD63 was expressed in the gill, intestine, liver, spleen, brain and kidney, with higher expression in spleen and brain tissues than in the other examined tissues. After koi herpesvirus (KHV) infection, these tissues exhibited various expression levels of ccCD63. The expression level was the lowest in the liver and highest in the brain; the expression level in the brain was 8.7-fold higher than that in the liver. Furthermore, knockdown of ccCD63 promoted KHV infection. Moreover, ccCD63 was correlated with the regulation of RIG-I/MAVS/TRAF3/TBK1/IRF3 and may be involved in the antiviral response through the RIG-I viral recognition signalling pathway in a TRAF3/TBK1-dependent manner. Taken together, our results suggested that ccCD63 upregulated the interaction of KHV with the host immune system and suppressed the dissemination of KHV.
•We cloned the common carp CD63 sequence (ccCD63), and the ORF has a length of 711 bp and encodes 236 amino acids. Subcellular localization analysis revealed that ccCD63 is localized in the cytoplasm.•CcCD63 plays a crucial role in innate immune responses and can specifically stimulate the RIG-1 signaling pathway to regulate IFN production and suppress the early stage of KHV replication.•Knockdown of ccCD63 could increase ORF136 levels and promote KHV infection.•CcCD63 was correlated with the regulation of RIG-I/MAVS/TRAF3/TBK1/IRF3 and may be involved in the antiviral response through the RIG-I viral recognition signaling pathway in a TRAF3/TBK1-dependent manner.•We speculate that ccCD63 has a dual function in virus infection and host immune interactions.
We report the experimental results of the commissioning phase in the 10 PW laser beamline of the Shanghai Superintense Ultrafast Laser Facility (SULF). The peak power reaches 2.4 PW on target without ...the last amplifying during the experiment. The laser energy of 72 ± 9 J is directed to a focal spot of approximately 6 μm diameter (full width at half maximum) in 30 fs pulse duration, yielding a focused peak intensity around 2.0 × 1021 W/cm2. The first laser-proton acceleration experiment is performed using plain copper and plastic targets. High-energy proton beams with maximum cut-off energy up to 62.5 MeV are achieved using copper foils at the optimum target thickness of 4 μm via target normal sheath acceleration. For plastic targets of tens of nanometers thick, the proton cut-off energy is approximately 20 MeV, showing ring-like or filamented density distributions. These experimental results reflect the capabilities of the SULF-10 PW beamline, for example, both ultrahigh intensity and relatively good beam contrast. Further optimization for these key parameters is underway, where peak laser intensities of 1022–1023 W/cm2 are anticipated to support various experiments on extreme field physics.
Abstract The flower perianth has various, non‐mutually exclusive functions, such as visual signalling to pollinators and protecting the reproductive organs from the elements and from florivores, but ...how different perianth structures and their different sides play a role in these functions is unclear. Intriguingly, in many species there is a clear colour difference between the different sides of the perianth, with colour patterns or pigmentation present on only one side. Any adaptive benefit from such colour asymmetry is unclear, as is how the asymmetry evolved. In this viewpoint paper, we address the phenomenon of flowers with differently coloured inner and outer perianth sides, focusing on petals of erect flowers. Guided by existing literature and our own observations, we delineate three non‐mutually exclusive evolutionary hypotheses that may explain the factors underlying differently coloured perianth sides. The pollen‐protection hypothesis predicts that the outer side of petals contributes to protect pollen against UV radiation, especially during the bud stage. The herbivore‐avoidance hypothesis predicts that the outer side of petals reduces the flower's visibility to herbivores. The signalling‐to‐pollinators hypothesis predicts that flower colours evolve to increase conspicuousness to pollinators. The pollen‐protection hypothesis, the herbivore‐avoidance hypothesis, and the signalling‐to‐pollinators hypothesis generate largely but not entirely overlapping predictions about the colour of the inner and outer side of the petals. Field and laboratory research is necessary to disentangle the main drivers and adaptive significance of inner–outer petal side colour asymmetry.
Mounting evidence suggests the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in regulating inflammatory responses in various vascular diseases. Inflammation is the key mechanism leading to atherosclerosis (AS) and ...various miRNAs are aberrantly expressed in response to AS pathophysiology. However, there are very limited studies that serve to elucidate the role of specific miRNA in in vivo or in vitro AS models.
Microarray analysis of blood plasma of apolipoprotein deficient (apoE-/-) mice was performed followed by the confirmation using qPCR. Bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMCs), plasma, and vessel tissue were obtained from apoE-/- mice that were induced with miR-126 mimic or inhibitor. Ox-LDL-induced THP-1 macrophages served as in vitro AS model. The release of inflammatory cytokines was detected using ELISA. The regulatory effect of miR-126 on MAP3K10 was confirmed by luciferase reporter activity and immunohistochemical analyses.
The results showed that the miR-126 exhibited a greater fold change of expression in AS mice. Further, the functional role of miR-126 in atherosclerosis pathophysiology was demonstrated both in vivo and in vitro. miR-126 reduced the cytokine release and also decreased the AS progression. miR-126 was also found to be involved in mitogen-associated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. MAP3K10 was identified to be a direct target.
miR-126 might serve as a biomarker of AS and its over-expression might prevent the AS progression and development.
Aluminum alloy thin sheets are widely used to produce light-weight high-strength components and the sheets are generally quenched before forming (Q-F) to improve the final mechanical properties of ...components. However, the distortion in quenching will significantly affect the quality and stability of the following forming process. In this study, the distortion behavior of 2219 aluminum alloy thin sheets and its forming mechanism in quenching process were investigated through experiments and finite element analysis (FEA). The results indicate that, the quenched thin sheets basically present three distortion modes, namely saddle-shape, shovel-shape and arch-shape. The distortion modes of the quenched thin sheets are determined by the bending modes of distortion zone which is the zone of the thin sheet near the water surface. When the bending mode is one-half sine wave, the quenching thin sheets always show saddle-shape. However, for the cases where the bending mode changes to three-half sine wave and the bending of distortion zone is suppressed, the quenching thin sheets show shovel-shaped and arch-shaped distortion modes, respectively. The reasons behind the variations of the bending mode are finally analyzed based on a buckling criterion under laterally constrained conditions. These results will provide an in-depth understanding of quenching distortion behavior and lay a basic guidance for controlling the distortion of thin sheets in quenching process.
Fatty liver hemorrhage syndrome (FLHS) is the most common noninfectious cause of death in backyard chickens worldwide, which can cause a sudden drop in egg production in the affected flocks and cause ...huge losses to the laying hens breeding industry. In this study, we prepared polysaccharide from Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz (PAMK) by one-step alcohol precipitation. The structural analysis found that PAMK with a molecular weight of 2.816 × 103 Da was composed of glucose and mannose, in a molar ratio of 0.582 to 0.418. Furthermore, we investigated the hepatoprotective effects of PAMK on high-energy and low-protein (HELP) diet–induced FLHS in laying hens. The results showed that the hens' livers of the HELP diet showed yellowish-brown, greasy, and soft, whereas the supplement of PAMK (200 mg/kg or 400 mg/kg) could alleviate such pathological changes. The liver index, the abdominal fat percentage, and liver injury induced by the HELP diet were reduced in PAMK (200 mg/kg or 400 mg/kg). Supplementing 200 mg/kg or 400 mg/kg PAMK showed improvements of the antioxidant capacity in laying hens. Furthermore, we found that the HELP diet increased the expression of hepatic lipogenesis genes and decreased the expression of fatty acid β-oxidation genes, which could be reversed by 200 mg/kg or 400 mg/kg PAMK supplementation. Nevertheless, there is no difference between the addition of 40 mg/kg PAMK and the HELP group. Collectively, these results showed that PAMK supplements could ameliorate HELP diet–induced liver injury through regulating activities of antioxidant enzymes and hepatic lipid metabolism. Therefore, PAMK could be a potential feedstuff additive to alleviate FLHS in laying hens.
Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter, crude protein, crude lipid, gross energy, phosphorus and amino acids in Peruvian fish meal, poultry by‐product meal, meat and bone meal, ...spray‐dried blood meal, hydrolysed feather meal, corn gluten meal, soybean meal, peanut meal, cottonseed meal and rapeseed meal were determined for juvenile snakehead (Ophiocephalus argus) with initial mean body weight of 78.1 g. A reference diet and test diets that consisted of a 70 : 30 mixture of the reference diet to test ingredient were used with 5 g kg−1 Cr2O3 as an external indicator. Fish meal, poultry by‐product meal and corn gluten meal had higher ADCs of dry matter, crude protein, and gross energy among ingredients tested. Dry matter ADCs ranged 61.9–81.5% for animal ingredients and corn gluten meal and ranged 52.2–68.0% for soybean meal, peanut meal, cottonseed meal and rapeseed meal. Energy ADCs of ingredients followed similar trends to differences in dry matter digestibility. Protein ADCs of animal and plant ingredients ranged 73.6–92.8% and 75.3–85.6%, respectively. Amino acid ADCs generally reflected protein digestibility. Lipid ADCs were relatively high for the ingredients tested. Phosphorus ADCs of animal and plant ingredients ranged 39.5–65.2% and 38.7–57.1%, respectively.
The back-streaming neutrons (back-n) is a white neutron experimental facility at the China spallation neutron source (CSNS). The time structure of the primary proton beam makes it fully applicable to ...use the time-of-flight (TOF) method for neutron energy measuring. We implemented the electronics of TOF measurement on the general-purpose readout electronics designed for all the seven detectors in back-n. The electronics are based on the peripheral component interconnect express eXtensions for instrumentation (PXIe) platform, which is composed of field digitizer modules (FDM), trigger and clock modules (TCM), and signal conditioning modules. The T0 signal synchronous to the CSNS accelerator represents the neutron emission from the target. It is the start of the time stamp. The TCM receives, synchronizes, and distributes the T0 signal to each FDM based on the PXIe backplane bus. Meanwhile, the detector signals, after being conditioned, are fed into FDMs for waveform digitizing. The first sample point of the signal waveform is the stop of the time stamp. According to the time stamp and the time of the signal over the threshold, the total TOF can be obtained. The time-to-digital converter (TDC) based on field-programmable gate array (FPGA) is implemented on the TCM to accurately acquire the time interval between the asynchronous T0 signal and the global synchronous clock phase. There is also an FPGA-based TDC on the FDM to accurately acquire the time interval between the T0 signal arriving at the FDM and the first sample point of the signal waveform. The over-threshold time of signal is obtained offline. This method for TOF measurement is efficient and not needed for additional modules. Test results showed that the accuracy of TOF is subnanosecond and can meet the requirement for back-n at the CSNS.
Aims
This study evaluates flonicamid biotransformation ability of Aminobacter sp. CGMCC 1.17253 and the enzyme catalytic mechanism involved.
Methods and Results
Flonicamid transformed by resting ...cells of Aminobacter sp. CGMCC 1.17253 was carried out. Aminobacter sp. CGMCC 1.17253 converts flonicamid into N‐(4‐trifluoromethylnicotinoyl) glycinamide (TFNG‐AM). Aminobacter sp. CGMCC 1.17253 transforms 31·1% of the flonicamid in a 200 mg l−1 conversion solution in 96 h. Aminobacter sp. CGMCC 1.17253 was inoculated in soil, and 72·1% of flonicamid with a concentration of 0·21 μmol g−1 was transformed in 9 days. The recombinant Escherichia coli expressing Aminobacter sp. CGMCC 1.17253 nitrile hydratase (NHase) and purified NHase were tested for the flonicamid transformation ability, both of them acquired the ability to transform flonicamid into TFNG‐AM.
Conclusions
Aminobacter sp. CGMCC 1.17253 transforms flonicamid into TFNG‐AM via hydration pathway mediated by cobalt‐containing NHase.
Significance and Impact of the Study
This is the first report that bacteria of genus Aminobacter has flonicamid‐transforming ability. This study enhances our understanding of flonicamid‐degrading mechanism. Aminobacter sp. CGMCC 1.17253 has the potential for bioremediation of flonicamid pollution.
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