The conversion of biomass from forestry and agroindustrial residues into biofuels and bioproducts, within the biorefinery concept, is of great interest, especially to Brazil, where bioenergy has a ...huge potential for development. However, to ensure the viability of the conversion process it is essential to reduce the cost of the enzymes used in the hydrolysis step. For this, one must have the key element of this process, which is the microorganism. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate different fungi isolated from the Amazon region for their potential in terms of the production of cellulase and xylanase enzymes. Of a total of 40 strains cultivated under solid state fermentation (SSF) for 10 days, the strain that stood out for the production of endoglucanase (351.79Ug.sup.-1120h) and β-glucosidase (62.31Ug.sup.-1 at 72h) was P47C3 (A. niger) whereas for xylanase (1076.94Ug.sup.-1 in 72 hours) and FPase (2.46Ug.sup.-1 in120 hours) were P6B2 (A. oryzae) and P40B3, respectively. These results demonstrate the great potential application of the enzymes produced by the Amazon isolated fungi, thus contributing to generate the necessary technological advances in order to increase the efficiency of the use of biomass as a renewable energy source.
Abstract
The selection of enzyme-producing fungi is useful to obtain enzymes required to hydrolyze lignocellulosic material and thereby contribute to biomass conversion into fuels and chemicals. ...Besides cellulases, the presence of accessory enzymes in enzyme cocktails is necessary to enhance hydrolysis efficiency. This study evaluates the production, purification, and biochemical-kinetic characterization of β-galactosidase produced by a new strain of Aspergillus niger (P47C3) isolated from the Amazon Forest. The A. niger (P47C3) was cultured under SmF conditions and β-galactosidase was purified in a three-step purification, using an ultrafiltration membrane, ion exchange (TSK-SP), and gel filtration (Sephacryl S-200). The calculated molecular weight of the purified enzyme was 125 kDa. Optimum pH (4.0) and temperature (55°C) of β-galactosidase activity were determined. The values of the kinetic parameters obtained from p-nitrophenyl-β-D-galactopyranoside (PNPG) hydrolysis were 2.2 mM and 0.285 mM/min for Km and Vmax, respectively. The inhibition of PNPG hydrolysis by β-galactosidase in the presence of the inhibitor galactose gave a Ki value of 5.01 mM. As a precursor to elucidating the tertiary structure using X-ray diffraction, the β-galactosidase was crystallized using 0.2 M Tris-HCl buffer, with 12% PEG 4000 as the precipitation agent; the largest crystals were formed at pH 8.6. These results provide the basis for further structural and functional studies of this accessory enzyme to evaluate its potential biotechnological applications.
The chemical composition of pretreated sugarcane bagasse (SCB), in terms of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, was analyzed using a fast near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) technique. Spectra of four ...types of SCB, prepared using ammonia, hydrothermal, organosolv, and sodium hydroxide pretreatments, were correlated with results of classical chemical analyses using partial least squares (PLS) regression. In a novel approach, isolation of the components used to prepare synthetic samples of SCB permitted assessment of their influence on the model. Inclusion of the synthetic samples did not improve the performance of the model, due to structural differences such as chemical bonding and physical interactions between the components. For natural pretreated samples, the PLS technique showed good predictive capacity in the ranges (%, w/w) of 47.2–89.4 (cellulose), 0.2–27.0 (hemicellulose), and 2.1–30.0 (lignin) with low root-mean-square error values of 4.1, 3.8, and 3.5, respectively, and coefficient of determination higher than 0.80, demonstrating the suitability of using different pretreated samples in the same calibration model.
A conversão da biomassa vegetal proveniente de resíduos agroindustriais e florestais em biocombustíveis e bioprodutos, dentro do conceito de biorrefinarias, é de grande interesse, principalmente para ...o Brasil, onde a agroenergia possui um enorme potencial de desenvolvimento. Entretanto, para garantir a viabilidade do processo de conversão, é fundamental reduzir o custo das enzimas utilizadas na etapa de hidrólise. Para isso, deve-se dispor da peça chave deste processo, que é o microrganismo. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar fungos isolados da região Amazônica em relação ao potencial de produção das enzimas celulases e xilanases. De um total de 40 isolados cultivados por fermentação em estado sólido (FES), durante 10 dias, os fungos que se destacaram quanto à produção de endoglucanase (351,79Ug-1 em 120h) e β-glicosidase (62,31Ug-1em 72h) foi o P47C3 (A. niger), e na produção de xilanase (1076,94Ug-1 em 72h) e FPase (2,46Ug-1 em 120h) foram o P6B2 (A. oryzae) e o P40B3, respectivamente. Os resultados obtidos demonstram o enorme potencial de aplicação das enzimas produzidas pelos fungos isolados da Amazônia, contribuindo, assim, para gerar os avanços tecnológicos necessários para o aumento da eficiência do uso da biomassa vegetal como fonte de energia renovável
The conversion of biomass from forestry and agroindustrial residues into biofuels and bioproducts, within the biorefinery concept, is of great interest, especially to Brazil, where bioenergy has a huge potential for development. However, to ensure the viability of the conversion process it is essential to reduce the cost of the enzymes used in the hydrolysis step. For this, one must have the key element of this process, which is the microorganism. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate different fungi isolated from the Amazon region for their potential in terms of the production of cellulase and xylanase enzymes. Of a total of 40 strains cultivated under solid state fermentation (SSF) for 10 days, the strain that stood out for the production of endoglucanase (351.79Ug-1120h) and β-glucosidase (62.31Ug-1 at 72h) was P47C3 (A. niger) whereas for xylanase (1076.94Ug-1 in 72 hours) and FPase (2.46Ug-1 in120 hours) were P6B2 (A. oryzae) and P40B3, respectively. These results demonstrate the great potential application of the enzymes produced by the Amazon isolated fungi, thus contributing to generate the necessary technological advances in order to increase the efficiency of the use of biomass as a renewable energy source.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produção enzimática de celulases pelo fungo filamentoso Aspergillus niger por fermentação em estado sólido de diferentes substratos. Foram avaliados os ...substratos sólidos bagaço de cana-de-açúcar, farelo de soja, farelo de trigo e misturas entre os substratos. Em substrato com 90% de bagaço e 10% de farelo de soja, avaliaram-se os efeitos do conteúdo de umidade (60, 70 e 80%, base úmida) e da suplementação com os meios indutores da atividade enzimática: sacarose, Mandels & Weber básico, Mandels & Weber modificado, com acréscimo de carboximetilcelulose, e Czapeck Dox. As maiores atividades de celulase total e endoglucanase, em farelo de trigo, foram obtidas após 72 horas de cultivo: 0,4 e 21,0 UI g-1, respectivamente. Observou-se expressivo aumento nas atividades enzimáticas na medida em que se aumentou a proporção de farelos no substrato, em comparação à fermentação com bagaço de cana apenas. O conteúdo de umidade de 50% foi insuficiente para conseguir completa hidratação do bagaço de cana, e a umidade ideal varia de acordo com o meio utilizado para suplementação e encontra-se entre 70 e 80%. O meio de Mandels & Weber modificado apresenta o melhor resultado como indutor da atividade enzimática.
The objective of this work was to evaluate cellulase enzyme production by the filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger by solid-state fermentation of different substrates. The solid substrates sugarcane bagasse, wheat bran, soybean meal, and their mixtures were evaluated. The effects of substrate moisture contents (60, 70, and 80% in humid basis) and of the supplementation with culture media: sucrose, basic Mandels & Weber, modified Mandels & Weber, with the addition of carboxymethyl cellulose, and Czapeck Dox, were evaluated in substrate with 90% bagasse and 10% soybean meal. The highest total cellulose and endoglucanase activities, in wheat bran, were obtained after 72 hours: 0.4 and 21.0 IU g-1, respectively. There was an expressive increase in enzymatic activities as the proportion of bran in the substrate increased, in comparison to fermentation with sugarcane bagasse only. The 50% moisture content was insufficient to fully hydrate sugarcane bagasse, and the ideal humidity varies according to the medium used for supplementation and is between 70 and 80%. The modified Mandels &Weber medium shows the best result as an inductor of enzymatic activity.
Orientador: Everson Alves Miranda
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica
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Previous issue date: 2001
Resumo: Glucagon é um hormônio que aumenta o nível de glicose sanguínea e sua principal aplicação como produto farmacêutico é no tratamento de hipoglicemia, especialmente associada ao diabetes. Além dessa importante aplicação e sendo o glucagon um produto de custo bastante elevado, existe a necessidade de se aprimorar seu processo- de purificação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar estudos de adsorção de glucagon e insulina em silica-IDA- Me2+, através da técnica de cromatografia de afinidade por íons metálicos (IMAC), visando desenvolver um processo de purificação de glucagon a partir de fração de processamento industrial de insulina de pâncreas. Na primeira etapa, realizou-se experimentos em tanques agitados para determinar a cinética, capacidade de adsorção e influência do pH, força iônica e agente competidor na eluição do glucagon adsorvido em matriz silica-IDA-Cu2. A segunda etapa consistiu em experimentos em colunas de cromatografia líquida com leito fixo, com o glucagon, a insulina e a mistura deles, utilizando os metais Cu2+, Ni2+ e Zn2+. A condição que se mostrou mais promissora na separação da insulina do glucagon foi utilizando o metal níquel e eluição com gradiente degrau de pH. Esta condição foi avaliada na purificação de glucagon presente em duas frações do processamento industrial de insulina, a primeira rica em glucagon e uma segunda rica em insulina. O resultados mostraram um enriquecimento de glucagon em ambas as frações, sendo que um fator de purificação de glucagon de cinco foi obtido para a fração rica em insulina
Abstract: Glucagon is a hormone that increases blood glucose concentration and is used as a pharmaceutical product mainly in cases of hypoglycemia associated with diabetes. Given both its importance and cwrent1y high oost, improved purification processes are on demando Adsorption studies of glucagon and insulin on adsorbents of silica-IDA-Me2+ were carried out. By using immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC), we conducted tests aimed at purifying glucagon present in an industrial insulin processing fraction. This method of separation is based on the se1ective mteractioD of a metal ion with aminoacid residues (specially histidine) present on the protein surface. Preliminary, experiments in stirred tanks were performed in order to determine the kinetics, adsorption isotherm and the influence of pH and ionic strength on adsorption. Next, fIxed bed chromatographic experiments with glucagon, insulin and a mixture of them was carried. Strong adsorption has been verüied for alI metais tested (Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+). The most promising condition for glucagon and insulin separation was using Ni2+ as the metal ligant and desorption with pH step gradient. Studies with two industrial insulin processing fractions under this condition, one glucagon-rich and another insulin-rtch showed an increase in glucagon purity for both fractions with a purification factor of five for the latter fraction
Mestrado
Desenvolvimento de Processos Biotecnologicos
Mestre em Engenharia Química
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