To determine the effects of sustained swimming on the use and fate of dietary nutrients in gilthead sea bream, a group of fish were forced to undertake moderate and sustained swimming (1.5 BL s
−1
) ...for 3 weeks and compared with a control group undertaking voluntary activity. The exercise group showed a significant increase in specific growth rate (C: 1.13 ± 0.05; E: 1.32 ± 0.06 % day
−1
,
P
< 0.05) with no significant change in food intake (C: 3.56 ± 0.20; E: 3.84 ± 0.03 % of body weight). The addition of
13
C-starch and
15
N-protein to a single meal of 1 % ration allowed analysis of the fate of both nutrients in several tissues and in their components, 6 and 24 h after force-feeding. In exercised fish improved redistribution of dietary components increased the use of carbohydrates and lipid as fuels. Gilthead sea bream have a considerable capacity for carbohydrate absorption irrespective of swimming conditions, but in trained fish
13
C rose in all liver fractions with no changes in store contents. This implies higher nutrient turnover with exercise. Higher retention of dietary protein (higher
15
N uptake into white muscle during the entire post-prandial period) was found under sustained exercise, highlighting the protein-sparing effect. The combined effects of a carbohydrate-rich, low-protein diet plus sustained swimming enhanced amino acid retention and also prevented excessive lipid deposition in gilthead sea bream.
Abstract Objective To identify barriers and facilitators associated with participation in the first round of a population-based program for colorectal cancer (CRC) in Catalonia, Spain and to identify ...strategies for motivating and supporting behavioral change. Material and methods A two-part, mixed-methods design was used. In first place, a prospective study of individuals aged 50–69 years (n = 1961) was conducted in 2006–2007. Secondly, focus groups were undertaken with participants and non-participants of the CRC screening, in 2008. Results Intention to participate was an important determinant of participation (82.9% vs 65.9%, OR = 2.56, 95%CI:1.95–3.36) in addition to knowledge about CRC and its early detection. Respondents who reported that CRC may be asymptomatic in early stages enrolled in the screening program more frequently than those who thought CRC is always symptomatic (49.4% vs 44.8%, OR:1.82; 95%CI:1.3–2.6). Barriers for participation mentioned in focus groups were competing perceived for other health problems and other demands as well as misunderstanding about personal relevance of the screening. Conclusion Individuals' perceptions of CRC are amenable to change through education-based interventions. Increasing public knowledge related to the burden of CRC and its preventive potential may be an effective way for improving participation in a population-based screening program.
Background: The different spread of tobacco smoking across European countries has caused a substantial variability in lung cancer mortality. The objective of this investigation was to analyse the ...trends in lung cancer mortality rates in three broad European regions (Northern and Western countries, Eastern countries, and Mediterranean countries) during the second half of the 20th century. Patients and methods: Mortality data were obtained from the World Health Organisation database. Lung cancer mortality rates were age-standardised by the direct method to the world standard population. Trends from 1955 to 1997 were assessed by means of joinpoint regression analysis. Results: In men, rates in Eastern Europe increased to reach in the 1990s the highest values ever registered, while downward trends were observed in Northern and Western Europe since 1979, and in Mediterranean countries since the 1990s. In women, upward trends were observed in the three regions considered for the whole period. Conclusions: Different smoking prevalences over time explain the shift of almost one decade in the trends in Mediterranean men as compared with Northern and other Western European men. The persisting upward trends in women in the three regions are of concern.
Exercise training in fish leads to enhanced growth, mostly in salmonids, but also in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Most of the published studies have involved juveniles or adult fish, but ...little is known about the effects of exercise on early stages of fish growth. Our study aimed to examine the effect of sustained swimming on the growth of gilthead sea bream fingerlings, by analysing white muscle cellularity and capillarisation. Two groups of fingerlings were compared: the exercise group (EX), forced to swim at five body lengths·s−1, and the control group (CT), maintained under still water flow and showing only voluntary swimming. After 5 weeks the EX group had a significantly higher body weight (CT: 17.5 ± 0.46; EX: 20.3 ± 0.38 g, p < .001) without significant differences in muscle-somatic index (CT: 34.9%; EX: 37.3%). The white muscle of EX fish showed significant reductions in fibre cross-sectional area (FCSA) and fibre perimeter (FPER), by 21% (p < .05) and 10% (p < .0.5) respectively, with no differences in fibre circularity. The number of small fibres (with FCSA <2000 μm2) was significantly (p < .05) higher in the EX than in the CT group. Therefore, the distribution of FCSA demonstrated an increase in hyperplasic processes in EX fish. Total muscle capillary density (CD) and the capillarisation of individual fibres (expressed as the number of capillaries per unit FCSA) of the EX group also increased significantly (p < .05 and p < .001, respectively). In summary, sustained aerobic exercise in the early stages of life of gilthead sea bream enhances body growth, increasing total muscle mass by hyperplasia and determining a more aerobic muscle phenotype by increasing individual fibre capillarisation.
•Gilthead seabream fingerlings enhance growth and total muscle mass under moderate and sustained exercise.•In exercised muscle, a greater number of small fibres base early growth on hyperplasia processes.•Sustained swimming increases white muscle fibre capillarization
During winter, low temperatures induce a direct metabolic depression in gilthead sea bream, without any significant compensatory effect below 13
°C. The present study therefore focused on how to ...improve response to cold in these fish, looking specifically at the two factors of diet (high energy, HiE, and low energy, LoE) and activity (normal, −
SW, and sustained activity, +
SW) prior to exposure to cold. Following a preparatory period of 75
days water was adjusted to 10
°C and kept for 40
days. Enzymatic activities and store deposition revealed that the HiE−SW group had acquired an energy surplus whilst the LoE+SW group exhibited an energy deficit. Liver enzyme activities evidenced diet dependence: LoE groups showed greater glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and HiE groups showed greater lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase activities. Moreover, the HiE−SW group's lower citrate synthase/cytochrome-
c-oxidase ratio reflected the energy surplus available. Perivisceral fat mobilisation caused by cold stress affected liver integrity, resulting in a pre-steatotic condition for the HE−SW group. The differences in liver enzyme activities produced by pre-cold conditions disappeared at low temperatures and enzymatic activities did not compensate. Therefore any improvement that would enable gilthead sea bream to face up to winter must be achieved prior to the appearance of low temperatures.
Azacitidine (AZA) is approved for the treatment of high-risk chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) of myelodysplastic (MD) subtype. Data of response rates using the specific response criteria for ...this disease are scarce. The aim of this study was to evaluate the response to AZA in patients diagnosed with CMML from the Spanish Registry of Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS) applying the overlap myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms (MDS/MPN) response criteria.
We retrospectively studied 91 patients with CMML treated with at least one cycle of AZA from the Spanish Registry of MDS. As it was a real-world study, the response rate was evaluated between cycle 4 and 6, applying the MDS/MPN response criteria
The overall response rate at cycle 4–6 was 58%. Almost half of the patients achieved transfusion independence and one quarter showed clinical benefit, regardless of the CMML French-American-British (FAB) and World Health Organization (WHO) subtypes and CMML Specific Prognosis Scoring (CPSS) risk groups. Toxicity was higher in the MD-CMML subtype.
In our series, most CMML patients achieved an overall response rate with AZA according to the overlap-MDS/MPN response criteria regardless of the CMML FAB and WHO subtypes and CPSS risk groups. Thus, AZA may also be a treatment option for patients with the myeloproliferative CMML subtype and those with a lower-risk CPSS, but symptomatic.
•Chronicmyelomonocytic leukemia patients treated with azacitidine achieve a highoverall response rate.•Myeloproliferativechronic myelomonocytic leukemia could also benefit of treatment with azacitidine,as the myelodysplastic subtype.•Myelodysplastic/myeloproliferativeresponse criteria also allow to analyze the clinical benefit to azacitidine inchronic myelomonocytic leukemia patients.
Aim: To describe changes in leisure time and occupational physical activity status in an urban Mediterranean population-based cohort, and to evaluate sociodemographic, health-related and lifestyle ...correlates of such changes. Methods: Data for this study come from the Cornellà Health Interview Survey Follow-Up Study, a prospective cohort study of a representative sample (n = 2500) of the population. Participants in the analysis reported here include 1246 subjects (567 men and 679 women) who had complete data on physical activity at the 1994 baseline survey and at the 2002 follow-up. We fitted Breslow-Cox regression models to assess the association between correlates of interest and changes in physical activity. Results: Regarding leisure time physical activity, 61.6% of cohort members with "sedentary" habits in 1994 changed their status to "light/moderate" physical activity in 2002, and 70% who had "light/moderate" habits in 1994 did not change their activity level. Regarding occupational physical activity, 74.4% of cohort members who were "active" did not change their level of activity, and 64.3% of participants with "sedentary" habits in 1994 changed to "active" occupational physical activity. No clear correlates of change in physical activity were identified in multivariate analyses. Conclusion: While changes in physical activity are evident in this population-based cohort, no clear determinants of such changes were recognised. Further longitudinal studies including other potential individual and contextual determinants are needed to better understand determinants of changes in physical activity at the population level.
Cultured gilthead sea bream (
Sparus aurata L.) are exposed to a multifactorial disease termed “winter syndrome”, and low temperatures are the recurrent inducing factor. The effects of low ...temperatures on tissue composition and fatty acid profiles of polar and non-polar lipid fractions of sea bream were studied in two conditions: a gradual temperature drop (GD: from 18 °C to 8 °C at a rate of 1 °C·day
−
1
) or two sharp drops (SD: from 18 °C to 12 °C and then from 12 °C to 8 °C completed within a day, with a 1 week interval).
No significant differences were detected between GD and SD in any of the variables studied. Animals stopped feeding when the temperature fell below 13 °C, and the resulting fast provoked body weight losses of 12% (GD) and 10% (SD) at the end of the experiment (15th day), and decreased non-polar lipids content in muscle. Unsaturation of polar fatty acids in muscle (SD) and in gills (SD and GD) rose, demonstrating a homeoviscous acclimation of membranes to cold. In contrast, unsaturation of liver polar fatty acids did not rise, but liver showed a great increase in total lipid content on day 15 (+
35% SD, and +
43% GD), caused by the increase in non-polar lipids, especially n-3 fatty acids. The high deposition of these essential fatty acids, mainly 22:6n-3, in fasting sea bream implied mobilization from extra-hepatic stores and caused dramatic modifications in the physical properties of the liver (larger, more friable and yellowish), often associated with winter disease. Moreover, plasma aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) levels rose three-fold in the two conditions. No fish succumbed to winter disease, but the incipient appearance of symptoms was evident. The relationships between the changes in muscle, gill, and, especially liver, at low temperature and the clinical signs of ‘winter disease’ are discussed.
Herein, we studied whether sustained exercise positively affects growth of gilthead sea bream by alterations in a) plasma concentrations of insulin and IGF-I, b) signaling pathways in muscle, or c) ...regulation of lipid metabolism. Specifically, we evaluated the effects of moderated swimming (1.5 body lengths per second; BL/s) on the circulating concentrations of insulin and IGF-I, morphometric parameters, and expression of genes related to lipid metabolism in gilthead sea bream (80–90 g BW). Exercise increased the specific growth rate (P < 0.05) and reduced the hepatosomatic index (P = 0.006). Plasma IGF-I concentrations increased in exercised fish (P = 0.037), suggesting a role for this endocrine factor in the control of muscular growth and metabolic homeostasis during swimming. The observed decrease in plasma insulin concentrations (P = 0.016) could favor the mobilization of tissue reserves in exercised fish. In this sense, the increase in liver fatty acid content (P = 0.041) and the changes in expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors PPARα (P = 0.017) and PPARγ (P = 0.033) indicated a hepatic lipid mobilization. Concentration of glycogen in both white and red muscles was decreased (P = 0.021 and P = 0.017, respectively) in exercised (n = 12) relative to control (n = 12) gilthead sea bream, whereas concentrations of glucose (P = 0.016) and lactate (P = 0.0007) were decreased only in red muscle, indicating the use of these substrates. No changes in the glucose transporter and in lipoprotein lipase mRNA expression were found in any of the tissues studied. Exercised sea bream had decreased content of PPARβ mRNA in white and red muscle relative to control sea bream expression (P = 0.001 and P = 0.049, respectively). Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation was significantly down-regulated in both white and red muscles of exercised sea bream (P = 0.0374 and P = 0.0371, respectively). Tumor necrosis factor-α expression of white muscle was down-regulated in exercised gilthead sea bream (P = 0.045). Collectively, these results contribute to the knowledge base about hormonal regulation of growth and lipid metabolism in exercised gilthead sea bream.
In southern Europe, the prevalence of smoking among women has been lower than in northern Europe, with a wider gender and socioeconomic gap compared with most other developed countries. In Spain, a ...decline in the prevalence of smoking in men has been observed during the past 10 years, while in women the smoking prevalence has increased in the middle age group (16–44 years old) and in higher socioeconomic levels. Smoking cessation has increased slightly,1 but no assessment of the trends in smoking cessation in Spain by gender and socioeconomic level has been reported. The aim of this study was to analyse the pattern of smoking cessation according to gender and education, using data from the four National Health Interview Surveys (NHIS) conducted between 1987 and 1997.
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