Juvenile gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) were fed with seven experimental diets containing different proportions of protein and lipid (P/L): 38/29, 41/26, 44/25, 47/23, 50/22, 54/21 and 57/20 per ...cent of dry matter, respectively. After 12 weeks, fish fed on diet 38/29 (P/L) showed the lowest food efficiency and final weight. A correlation between the hepatosomatic index and fat content in the diets was observed, together with a decrease in muscle glycogen in animals fed with a 38/29 (P/L) diet. Whilst no statistical differences were found in flesh texture, a clear relationship was observed between elasticity and fibre density. Fillet Chroma was altered in the animals fed with the 38/29 (P/L) diet. The same group showed a decrease in hepatic growth factor receptor (c‐met) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression in white muscle. Protein content in the diets correlated with mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) phosphorylation in muscle. In conclusion, we have shown that the substitution of protein by lipid in sea bream diets can be performed up to a certain percentage without affecting fish growth, and we have demonstrated that several molecules such as MyoD, mTOR, PCNA and c‐met are affected by the dietary ratio of protein to lipid and could be potential flesh quality markers.
Aquaculture has become an agronomic activity with noticeable development around the world to respond to the simultaneous decrease of fish captures and the increasing demand of aquatic products for ...human consumption. However, different problems limit the development of this industry and one of those is the time required for most of the cultured fish species to achieve economically viable the commercial size. The knowledge up to date of the regulatory systems involved in controlling growth has improved very much but, it is still necessary to devote efforts to transform the basic information in application to fish culture production. The aim of the present review is to summarize the knowledge acquired with the studies about the GH/IGF axis and other hormones regarding their function on the regulation of fish muscle development and growth. To this end, GH and IGFs effects in muscle cells on metabolism and development are examined, as well as the contribution of IGF-I binding proteins, IGF-I receptors and their downstream regulated molecules like TOR and its relation with cell proliferation and differentiation and the myogenic regulatory factors. The effect of regulatory molecules on cultured myocytes are reviewed as well as in vivo responses, including the model of sustained and maintained swimming. Key aspects we consider should be further investigated to complete the scenario of the regulation of fish muscle are also proposed.
•The GH/IGF axis regulates growth and metabolism in fish muscle•Thyroid hormones and steroids exert important roles controlling muscle growth•IGF-I and IGF-II stimulate nutrients uptake and differentially regulate myogenesis•TOR and proteolytic systems' members can be valuable markers of growth condition•Moderate and sustained swimming provokes in fish better growth and flesh quality
The tolerance of fish to fasting offers a model to study the regulatory mechanisms and changes produced when feeding is restored. Gilthead sea bream juveniles were exposed to a 21-days fasting period ...followed by 2 h to 7-days refeeding. Fasting provoked a decrease in body weight, somatic indexes, and muscle gene expression of members of the Gh/Igf system, signaling molecules (akt, tor and downstream effectors), proliferation marker pcna, myogenic regulatory factors, myostatin, and proteolytic molecules such as cathepsins or calpains, while most ubiquitin-proteasome system members increased or remained stable. In bone, downregulated expression of Gh/Igf members and osteogenic factors was observed, whereas expression of the osteoclastic marker ctsk was increased. Refeeding recovered the expression of Gh/Igf system, myogenic and osteogenic factors in a sequence similar to that of development. Akt and Tor phosphorylation raised at 2 and 5 h post-refeeding, much faster than its gene expression increased, which occurred at day 7. The expression in bone and muscle of the inhibitor myostatin (mstn2) showed an inverse profile suggesting an inter-organ coordination that needs to be further explored in fish. Overall, this study provides new information on the molecules involved in the musculoskeletal system remodeling during the early stages of refeeding in fish.
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•Hydrodynamic conditions during anodization remove part of the initiation layer.•Hydrodynamic conditions during anodization led to higher photocurrent densities.•The conductivity of ...the NTs increases with Li+ intercalation.•There is a synergistic effect among the hydrodynamic conditions and Li+ intercalation.•Doped nanotubes were stable in the test electrolyte under illumination.
This work studies the influence of using hydrodynamic conditions (Reynolds number, Re=0 to Re=600) during Ti anodization and Li+ intercalation on anatase TiO2 nanotubes. The synthesized photocatalysts were characterized by using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM), Raman Confocal Laser Microscopy, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), Mott-Schottky analysis (M-S), photoelectrochemical hydrogen production and resistance to photocorrosion tests. The obtained results showed that the conductivity of the NTs increases with Li+ intercalation and Re. The latter is due to the fact that the hydrodynamic conditions eliminate part of the initiation layer formed over the tube-tops, which is related to an increase of the photocurrent in the photoelectrochemical water splitting. Besides, the photogenerated electron-hole pairs are facilitated by Li+ intercalation. Finally, this work confirms that there is a synergistic effect between Re and Li+ intercalation.
Background
Few studies have looked at the prevalence of substance use disorders (SUD) in people with intellectual disability (ID). The results range between 1% and 6.4% and go up to 20% in people ...with ID and psychiatric disorders, probably underestimating real prevalence due to several limitations in these studies. ID confers risk for the development of SUD, which in turn will involve negative psychosocial and clinical consequences. We aimed to study the prevalence of SUD in a sample of patients with ID admitted to a brief hospitalisation psychiatric unit, describing them by type and severity and analysing their relationship with clinical, prognostic and access to treatment variables.
Methods
We undertook a descriptive, cross‐sectional and retrospective study by means of a review of clinical histories of all patients with a diagnosis of ID, admitted in a period of 10 years.
Results
Among the final sample of patients included, 52.3% had a mild ID, 40.9% an unspecified ID, 3.4% a moderate ID and another 3.4% a severe ID. More than one third of the sample met criteria for a SUD. The main SUD was cannabis use disorder (25%), followed by alcohol use disorder (22.7%) and cocaine use disorder (13.6%). The use of more than one substance was the most frequent pattern. Cannabis use disorder and cocaine use disorder were overrepresented in the group with mild ID. A greater number of psychiatric admissions was observed for the group with SUD. Specialised mental health services for ID and specialised addiction network facilities were much less involved in the care of these patients that could be expected according to good clinical practice recommendations.
Conclusions
Substance use disorder in patients with ID and mental health disorders admitted to psychiatric hospitalisation are prevalent, which makes this issue an area of interest for future improvements in case identification, proper referring to specialised treatment resources and an increasing research focusing on specific therapeutic approaches.
Summary
What is known and objectives
The safety of continued ustekinumab (UST) therapy during pregnancy remains unclear in patients with Crohn's disease (CD). There are no meta‐analysis reports of ...exposure to UST during pregnancy. The objective was to describe a case of a pregnant patient with CD who was successfully treated with UST maintenance therapy throughout the pregnancy and delivered a baby boy without any congenital malformations, neurological abnormalities or birth defects.
Case summary
A 37‐year‐old patient with CD treated with UST became pregnant. She had been receiving UST for 8 months at the time. After discussion with the patient and the obstetric team, the UST therapy was continued. The result of treatment was an uneventful pregnancy with delivery, at term, of a healthy boy and the maintenance of clinical, biological and endoscopic remission of CD during and after pregnancy.
What is new and conclusion
To our knowledge, this is the first reported use of continued UST therapy for CD throughout a pregnancy. The result of treatment was an uncomplicated pregnancy with the mother giving birth to a healthy boy at term and the maintenance of clinical biological and endoscopic remission of CD during and after pregnancy.
Fish growth is strongly influenced by environmental and nutritional factors and changing culture conditions can help optimize it. The importance of early-life experience on the muscle phenotype later ...in life is well known. Here, we study the effects of 5 weeks of moderate and sustained swimming activity (5 BL s
−1
) in gilthead sea bream during early development. We analysed growth and body indexes, plasma IGF-I and GH levels, feed conversion, composition proximate and isotopic (
15
N/
13
C) and metabolic key enzymes (COX, CS, LDH, HOAD, HK, ALAT, ASAT) of white muscle. Moderate and continuous exercise in fingerlings of gilthead sea bream increased plasma IGF-I, whereas it reduced plasma GH. Under these conditions, growth rate improved without any modification to feed intake through an increase in muscle mass and a reduction in mesenteric fat deposits. There were no changes in the content and turnover of muscle proteins and lipid reserves. Glycogen stores were maintained, but glycogen turnover was higher in white muscle of exercised fish. A lower LDH/CS ratio demonstrated an improvement in the aerobic capacity of white muscle, while a reduction in the COX/CS ratio possibly indicated a functional adaptation of mitochondria to adjust to the tissue-specific energy demand and metabolic fuel availability in exercised fish. We discuss the synergistic effects of dietary nutrients and sustained exercise on the different mitochondrial responses.
Gilthead sea bream cultured along the northern Mediterranean coast are affected by the winter season when low temperatures reduce fish feed intake and growth. The coldest episodes can provoke a fish ...pathology known as ‘winter disease’. The effects of low temperatures, as well as concurrent fasting, have been studied by transferring three groups of gilthead sea bream from 16 °C to 14 °C, 12 °C and 8 °C. Fish at 12 °C and 8 °C refused food, whereas those at 14 °C were not fed following the temperature drop. Changes in body indices, organ composition, liver metabolism, and in particular, lipid fractions and their fatty acids were analysed on days 7 and 20 after the temperature shift. Only the rapid reduction of non-polar lipids in muscle was common for the three conditions. Fasting effects were linked to the maintenance temperature, being maximal after 20 days at 14 °C where fish body weight, hepatosomatic index, and perivisceral fat were reduced by 18%, 40%, and 60%, respectively. In this group, liver lipids did not change, as was the case for the enzymatic activities of liver glucose-6-phosphate and phosphogluconic acid dehydrogenases (G6PDH and PGADH) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL). In contrast, the liver of sea bream submitted to 8 °C accumulated large amounts of non-polar lipids (from 80 mg to 125 mg in 20 days), changing in size and aspect (bigger, pale, and friable). Simultaneously, liver LPL and hepatic lipase (HL) activities decreased. After 20 days at 8 °C, sea bream exhibited incipient acclimation responses to low temperatures: rising levels of unsaturation ratio in gill and liver polar lipids, of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in muscle polar lipids, and of G6PDH and PGADH hepatic activities.
Fish at 12 °C presented some changes similar to those of the group at 14 °C (e.g., in morphological indices, and LPL and HL activities) and others like the group at 8 °C (increases in G6PDH and PGADH), suggesting a temperature threshold for gilthead sea bream (below 13 °C).
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