Several studies examined the fine-scale structure of human genetic variation in Europe. However, the European sets analyzed represent mainly northern, western, central, and southern Europe. Here, we ...report an analysis of approximately 166,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms in populations from eastern (northeastern) Europe: four Russian populations from European Russia, and three populations from the northernmost Finno-Ugric ethnicities (Veps and two contrast groups of Komi people). These were compared with several reference European samples, including Finns, Estonians, Latvians, Poles, Czechs, Germans, and Italians. The results obtained demonstrated genetic heterogeneity of populations living in the region studied. Russians from the central part of European Russia (Tver, Murom, and Kursk) exhibited similarities with populations from central-eastern Europe, and were distant from Russian sample from the northern Russia (Mezen district, Archangelsk region). Komi samples, especially Izhemski Komi, were significantly different from all other populations studied. These can be considered as a second pole of genetic diversity in northern Europe (in addition to the pole, occupied by Finns), as they had a distinct ancestry component. Russians from Mezen and the Finnic-speaking Veps were positioned between the two poles, but differed from each other in the proportions of Komi and Finnic ancestries. In general, our data provides a more complete genetic map of Europe accounting for the diversity in its most eastern (northeastern) populations.
Geographic market definition is an important element of antitrust enforcement in the framework of countering monopolistic activities and M&A (mergers and acquisitions) control. Incorrectly defined ...geographic market can lead to false conclusions about the state of competition. The main way to identify the geographic market is the SSNIP test, which, however, is not always applicable. The study presents the analytical approach to defining a geographic market based on actual data. The methodological basis of the study is industrial organization theory applied to antitrust. The proposed approach makes it possible to obtain empirically based conclusions about geographic market using statistical tests, such as the Elzinga-Hogarty test together with price action analysis (price correlation and relative price stability). The approach is tested using the case study of the cement industry with Russian producers’ participation in 2014–2020. Based on Rosstat data on monthly price dynamics and cement supplies between the federal districts, we prove that the cement market geographic boundaries were wider than one federal district for all the districts except the Far Eastern Federal District. The paper discusses the possibilities and limitations of the approach, such as the necessity comply with the requirements for the statistical properties of the studied time series, as well as full access to data. The study is vital for expanding the tools of relevant market definition applied in antitrust research.
This article presents an analysis of various methods of translating foreign cultural colouring in works of fiction. An exotic culture (Chinese) is mediated by the author’s native language (British ...English) and then serves as an object of translation for a foreign-language target audience (Russian-speaking). Such a double ethnolinguistic barrier is overcome by translators in different ways, involving various strategies. The analysis focused on Robert van Gulik’s novels The Emperor’s Pearl and Necklace and Calabash from the English-language crime fiction series about Judge Dee, translated into Russian by Zh. Grushanskaya, I. Mansurov and O. Zavyalova with a minimal time gap. The research methodology is based on comparative and contextual analysis as well as analysis of dictionary definitions using lexicographic sources. In addition, the methods of analysis and synthesis, generalization and abstraction, classification, interpretation, and description are applied. Realia as fragments of the linguistic and conceptual worldview of mediaeval China are actively used by van Gulik to create a specific colouring of Chinese culture, exotic for Europeans. From British English into Russian, they are translated by means of various techniques reflecting different translation strategies. The multiple solutions include foreignization with explanatory translation, domestication, omission and elimination of national specifics. The translation variability revealed is determined by the individual translation style due to the levelling of other factors of translation multiplicity, since the time gap between the translations is minimal, the target audience is homogeneous, and the direction of the interlanguage and intercultural contact is one-dimensional. The identified errors in translation solutions deviating from adequacy are caused by pseudo-equivalence traps and incorrect strategies for conveying foreign cultural realia in a doubly mediated translation.
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Aim. To study approbation as a strategy of intersemiotic translation, evaluation of transformations and polymodal means of transmitting a conceptual picture of the world reflected in ...the original text - Pushkin's fairy tale poem "Ruslan and Lyudmila". The center of research issues is an analysis of the boundaries of permissible transformations of intersemiotic translation.
Methodology. The material is the verbal text of A.S. Pushkin's fairy tale poem "Ruslan and Lyudmila" and polymodal implementations of different years: the films "Ruslan and Lyudmila" of 1914, 1938 and 1972 and the animated film "Ruslan and Lyudmila: Reloading" of 2018. The total volume of the empirical base is 4 hours 50 minutes of screen time. The work applies general scientific methods of observation of factual material, analysis, synthesis, generalization and abstraction, as well as quantitative analysis, description and linguistic methods of discursive, stylistic and comparative analysis.
Results. Comparison of the monomodal verbal text of the original "Ruslan and Lyudmila" by A.S. Pushkin with the polymodal audio-video-verbal text "Ruslan and Lyudmila: Reloading" in 2018 reveals distortion and alienation as the main strategies of "adaptation based on...". Differences in the character composition, storyline, speech and behavioral stereotypes of characters, substitution of the author's text, distortion of the author's pragmatic task were found.
Research implications. The conducted research reveals the fundamental impossibility of identifying appropriation as a result of intersemiotic "translation", being an experience of another form of intercultural communication approaching a linguistic and cultural war. The devaluation of the author and the deformation of the original text allow us to formulate the thesis about the unacceptability of appropriation in intersemiotic translation as the destruction of the original text and linguistic and cultural identification, violation of authenticity and ethics of translation aimed at discrediting cultural heritage.
Extensive genome-wide analyses of many human populations, using microarrays containing hundreds of thousands of single-nucleotide polymorphisms, have provided us with abundant information about ...global genomic diversity. However, these data can also be used to analyze local variability in individual genomic regions. In this study, we analyzed the variability in two genomic regions carrying the genes of the GSTA and GSTM subfamilies, located on different chromosomes.
Analysis of the polymorphisms in GSTA and GSTM gene clusters showed similarities in their allelic and haplotype diversities. These patterns were similar in three Russian populations and the CEU population of European origin. There were statistically significant differences in all the haploblocks of both the GSTM and GSTA regions when the Russian populations were compared with populations from China and Japan. Most haploblocks also differed between the Russians and Nigerians from Yoruba, but, some of them had similar allelic frequencies. Special attention was paid to SNP rs4986947 from the intron of the GSTA4 gene, which is represented in apes by an A nucleotide. In the Asian and African samples, it was represented only by a G allele, and both allelic variants (G/A) occurred in the Russian and European populations.
The results obtained suggest the presence of common features in the evolutionary histories of the GSTA and GSTM gene regions, and that African subpopulations were involved differently in the formation of the European and Asian human lineages.
GSTM1 gene deletion is one of the most known copy number polymorphisms in human genome. It is most likely caused by homologous recombination between the repeats flanking the gene. However, taking ...into account that the deletion has no crucial effects on human well-being, and the ability of other GSTMs to compensate for the lack of GSTM1, a role for additional factors affecting GSTM1 deletion can be proposed. Our goal was to explore the relationships between GSTM1 deletion polymorphism and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the region of the GSTM cluster that includes GSTM2, GSTM3, GSTM4, and GSTM5 in addition to GSTM1.
Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to quantify the number of GSTM1 copies. Fourteen SNPs from the region were tested and their allelic patterns were compared in groups of Russian individuals subdivided according to their GSTM1 deletion genotypes. Linkage disequilibrium-based haplotype analysis showed substantial differences of haplotype frequencies between the groups, especially between individuals with homozygous GSTM1 -/- and +/+ genotypes. Exploration of the results of phasing of GSTM1 and SNP genotypes revealed unequal segregation of GSTM1 + and - alleles at different haplotypes.
The observed differences in haplotype patterns suggest the potential role of genetic context in GSTM1 deletion frequency (appearance) and in the determination of the deletion-related effects.
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