New concept for small-scale GTL Arutyunov, V.S.; Savchenko, V.I.; Sedov, I.V. ...
Chemical engineering journal (Lausanne, Switzerland : 1996),
12/2015, Volume:
282
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Display omitted
•Two possibilities for more effective conversion of hydrocarbons into liquid chemicals.•Matrix combustion provides more effective conversion of hydrocarbons into syngas.•Alternative ...without syngas GTL–partial oxidation followed by catalytic carbonylation.
Despite the significant progress in industrial GTL technologies, even the world class GTL plants have only a marginal profitability. One of the main reasons is the high expenditures for syngas production. Therefore, there are no expectations of a significant increase of traditional GTL in the nearest future. The paper discusses two alternative possibilities. The first one is decreasing the cost of syngas by matrix conversion of hydrocarbon gases. The second is the development of alternative “without syngas” GTL routes via direct partial oxidation or oxy-cracking of hydrocarbons with the subsequent catalytic carbonylation and/or oligomerization of oxidation products.
Composites of a heterospin molecular magnet Eu(III)(SQ)
3
bipy in a polystyrene (PS) matrix have been synthesized. The EuIII(SQ)
3
bipy complex contains four paramagnetic centers—the Eu
3+
ion and ...three SQ ligands (SQ-3,6-di-tert-butyl benzoquinone radical anion); bipy (bipyridyl) is diamagnetic. It has been established that intensive mechanical activation of Eu(III)(SQ)
3
bipy/PS samples leads to a rheological explosion, as a result of which radio frequency superradiance, the appearance of free electrons and the formation of Eu metal nanoparticles are observed. The duration of this process is 10 ns.
Various options for designing the direct oxidation of natural gas to methanol are considered: flow-through, with a distributed supply of the oxidizer along the length of the reactor, and circulation. ...For each of the considered options for designing the process, the methanol yield was calculated, as well as the parameters at which the resulting blow-off gas can be used as a fuel. The optimal recycling rate in the circulation process has been determined.
The structures of Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) complexes with anions of 2,5-pyrrolyl-disubstituted nitronyl nitroxide (L
1
) and iminonitroxide (L
2
) diradicals (HL
1
is 2,2′-(1
H
...-pyrrole-2,5diyl)-bis(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-4,5-dihydro-1
H
-imidazole-3-oxide-1-oxyl; HL
2
is 2,2′-(1
H
-pyrrole-2,5-diyl)-bis(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-4,5-dihydro-1
H
-imidazole-1-oxyl) are studied. It is established that in all synthesized compounds, a tridentate meridional coordination of paramagnetic ligands is responsible for a distorted octahedral environment of the metal ion. In
bis-chelates, the metal ion environment is an octahedron compressed along the N
Pyr
–
M
–
M
Pyr
axis. When one of the ligands in the
molecule is replaced by a reduced L
2H
monoradical, a typical Cu(II) environment in the form of elongated octahedron arises in CuL
2
L
2H
. It is found that in
complexes with bis-nitronyl nitroxide, the character of the temperature dependence of the effective magnetic moment μ
eff
(
T
) is determined by antiferromagnetic exchange in coordinated diradicals. In
complexes with iminonitroxides, ferromagnetic exchange interactions between unpaired electrons of the metal ion and diradicals dominate.
Crystalline Cs salts with the difurazanopyrazine radical anion are synthesized: Cs(L
•
)(H
2
O)
2
-I, Cs(L
•
)(H
2
O)
2
-II, Cs
2
(L
•
)
2
(HL
•
)(H
2
O), Cs
3
(L
•
)
3
(L
••
)
2
(H
2
O)
3
. In the ...solid phase, Cs ions are surrounded by water molecules and are located between the stacks of difurazanopyrazines, forming a framework. The study of the structure and magnetic properties of the compounds shows that Cs(L
•
)(H
2
O)
2
-I represents a metastable phase that transforms into Cs(L
•
)(H
2
O)
2
-II on cooling and differs from the initial compound by a shift of radical anions relative to each other in the stacks. It is found that in Cs(L
•
)(H
2
O)
2
-II there is strong antiferromagnetic exchange between paramagnetic centers.
Shared Research Facilities "Petrophysics, Geomechanics and Paleomagnetism", created based on actively developing divisions of the Schmidt Institute of Physics of the Earth RAS, has advanced research ...equipment and unique methods, which determines the possibility of solving a wide range of applied and fundamental problems in Earth sciences. The main activities of the Shared Research Facilities "Petrophysics, Geomechanics and Paleomagnetism" are in the field of geomechanical modelling and petrophysics, paleomagnetism, rock magnetism and applied analytical studies of the composition and structure of minerals, rocks and materials. The research results carried out at the Center are used to solve actual problems of prospecting and exploration of oil and gas basins, mineral deposits, tectonics, global geodynamics and tectonophysics. The article presents the scientific equipment of the Center and its key characteristics, describes the methodological and analytical capabilities, and the most significant results of research groups.
The effect of mechanical activation of radiofrequency superradiance in a composite based on a heterospin molecular magnet and a polystyrene matrix has been established. Mechanical activation was ...carried out for the first time in the rheological explosion unloading mode.
The final formation of the quality indicators of stone-cast samples occurs under heat treatment in heating furnaces comprising two tunnel kilns: a drying-calcining kiln for casting equipment ...preparation for pouring with liquid melt and a crystallization-tempering kiln for internal stress relief in the structure of castings. Six high-speed burners of the Vikhr 25 SV-5 type, inlet and outlet vestibules, gas extraction from the furnace, a heat exchanger for heating air for combustion, and an air duct system should be installed to facilitate the transition of an electric drying-calcining kiln to gas heating. In the crystallization zone, the arch height to 100 mm from the poured products with a uniform placement of electric heaters along the entire length of the zone should be reduced, and additional thermal insulation from fibrous tile materials with a thickness of at least 50 mm should be installed on the outer surface of the crystallization zone. In the annealing zone, cold air is supplied from a separate fan at a flow rate of up to 1400 m
3
/h at a pressure of at least 421.49 Pa through a transverse collector and eight distributed tuyeres with cutoff gates. While maintaining the quality of the products obtained, such a change in the complex design of tunnel kilns is accompanied by efficient heat utilization with the possibility of increasing thermal efficiency by 3.28 times, raising total energy consumption by 22.58%, and forming an additional volume of discharged gases of no more than 4000 m
3
/h with a temperature not exceeding 150°C.
Recently, multiparticle-correlation measurements of relativistic p/d/^{3}He+Au, p+Pb, and even p+p collisions show surprising collective signatures. Here, we present beam-energy-scan measurements of ...two-, four-, and six-particle angular correlations in d+Au collisions at sqrts_{NN}=200, 62.4, 39, and 19.6 GeV. We also present measurements of two- and four-particle angular correlations in p+Au collisions at sqrts_{NN}=200 GeV. We find the four-particle cumulant to be real valued for d+Au collisions at all four energies. We also find that the four-particle cumulant in p+Au has the opposite sign as that in d+Au. Further, we find that the six-particle cumulant agrees with the four-particle cumulant in d+Au collisions at 200 GeV, indicating that nonflow effects are subdominant. These observations provide strong evidence that the correlations originate from the initial geometric configuration, which is then translated into the momentum distribution for all particles, commonly referred to as collectivity.
The results of the study of optical absorption and EPR signals of single crystals of zinc oxide doped with manganese are presented. A broad impurity absorption band with the threshold energy about ...2.1 eV, which was treated as a result of charge transfer transitions, has been observed for a long time in ZnO : Mn absorption spectra. In absorption spectra of a polarized light at 4.2 and 77.3 K, we first detected several lines of different intensity in a 1.877–1.936 eV range of energies of the light quanta. The observed lines are attributed to a donor exciton (
d
5
+
h
)
e
that emerges as a result of the Coulomb binding a free
s
electron and a hole, which is localized on
p
–
d
hybridized states. The EPR spectra of Mn
2+
ion signals, when corresponding to the impurity absorption band exposed to light, are found to be not photosensitive. The obtained results indicate that the ZnO : Mn impurity absorption is due to transitions from antibonding
p
–
d
hybridized DBH states to the conduction band.
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