Abstract
Measurement of the distances to nearby galaxies has improved rapidly in recent decades. The ever-present challenge is to reduce systematic effects, especially as greater distances are probed ...and the uncertainties become larger. In this paper, we combine several recent calibrations of the tip of the red giant branch (TRGB) method. These calibrations are internally self-consistent at the 1% level. New Gaia Early Data Release 3 data provide an additional consistency check at a (lower) 5% level of accuracy, a result of the well-documented Gaia angular covariance bias. The updated TRGB calibration applied to a sample of Type Ia supernovae from the Carnegie Supernova Project results in a value of the Hubble constant of
H
0
= 69.8 ± 0.6 (stat) ± 1.6 (sys) km s
−1
Mpc
−1
. No statistically significant difference is found between the value of
H
0
based on the TRGB and that determined from the cosmic microwave background. The TRGB results are also consistent to within 2
σ
with the SHoES and Spitzer plus Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Key Project Cepheid calibrations. The TRGB results alone do not demand additional new physics beyond the standard (ΛCDM) cosmological model. They have the advantage of simplicity of the underlying physics (the core He flash) and small systematic uncertainties (from extinction, metallicity, and crowding). Finally, the strengths and weaknesses of both the TRGB and Cepheids are reviewed, and prospects for addressing the current discrepancy with future Gaia, HST, and James Webb Space Telescope observations are discussed. Resolving this discrepancy is essential for ascertaining if the claimed tension in
H
0
between the locally measured and CMB-inferred values is physically motivated.
Calibration of the Tip of the Red Giant Branch Freedman, Wendy L.; Madore, Barry F.; Hoyt, Taylor ...
Astrophysical journal/The Astrophysical journal,
03/2020, Volume:
891, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
The tip of the red giant branch (TRGB) method provides one of the most accurate and precise means of measuring the distances to nearby galaxies. Here we present a multi-wavelength, VIJHK absolute ...calibration of the TRGB based on observations of TRGB stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), grounded on a geometric distance, determined by detached eclipsing binaries (DEBs). This paper presents a more detailed description of the method first presented by Freedman et al. for measuring corrections for the total line-of-sight extinction and reddening to the LMC. In this method, we use a differential comparison of the red giant population in the LMC, first with red giants in the Local Group galaxy IC 1613, and then with those in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC). As a consistency check, we derive an independent calibration of the TRGB sequence using the SMC alone, invoking its geometric distance also calibrated by DEBs. An additional consistency check comes from near-infrared observations of Galactic globular clusters covering a wide range of metallicities. In all cases we find excellent agreement in the zero-point calibration. We then examine the recent claims by Yuan et al., demonstrating that, in the case of the SMC, they corrected for extinction alone while neglecting the essential correction for reddening. In the case of IC 1613, we show that their analysis contains an incorrect treatment of (over-correction for) metallicity. Using our revised (and direct) measurement of the LMC TRGB extinction, we find a value of H0 = 69.6 0.8 ( 1.1% stat) 1.7 ( 2.4% sys) km s−1 Mpc−1.
Abstract
We present a new and independent determination of the local value of the Hubble constant based on a calibration of the tip of the red giant branch (TRGB) applied to Type Ia supernovae ...(SNe Ia). We find a value of
H
0
= 69.8 ± 0.8 (±1.1% stat) ± 1.7 (±2.4% sys) km s
−1
Mpc
−1
. The TRGB method is both precise and accurate and is parallel to but independent of the Cepheid distance scale. Our value sits midway in the range defined by the current Hubble tension. It agrees at the 1.2
σ
level with that of the Planck Collaboration et al. estimate and at the 1.7
σ
level with the
Hubble Space Telescope
(
HST
)
SHoES
measurement of
H
0
based on the Cepheid distance scale. The TRGB distances have been measured using deep
HST
Advanced Camera for Surveys imaging of galaxy halos. The zero-point of the TRGB calibration is set with a distance modulus to the Large Magellanic Cloud of 18.477 ± 0.004 (stat) ± 0.020 (sys) mag, based on measurement of 20 late-type detached eclipsing binary stars, combined with an
HST
parallax calibration of a 3.6
μ
m Cepheid Leavitt law based on
Spitzer
observations. We anchor the TRGB distances to galaxies that extend our measurement into the Hubble flow using the recently completed Carnegie Supernova Project I ( CSP-I ) sample containing about 100 well-observed SNe Ia . There are several advantages of halo TRGB distance measurements relative to Cepheid variables; these include low halo reddening, minimal effects of crowding or blending of the photometry, only a shallow (calibrated) sensitivity to metallicity in the
I
band, and no need for multiple epochs of observations or concerns of different slopes with period. In addition, the host masses of our TRGB host-galaxy sample are higher, on average, than those of the Cepheid sample, better matching the range of host-galaxy masses in the CSP-I distant sample and reducing potential systematic effects in the SNe Ia measurements.
Abstract
Using an updated and significantly augmented sample of Cepheid and tip of the red giant branch (TRGB) distances to 28 nearby spiral and irregular galaxies, covering a wide range of ...metallicities, we have searched for evidence of a correlation of the zero-point of the Cepheid period–luminosity relation with H
ii
region (gas-phase) metallicities. Our analysis, for the 21 galaxies closer than 12.5 Mpc, results in the following conclusions: (1) The zero-points of the Cepheid and TRGB distance scales are in remarkably good agreement, with the mean offset in the zero-points of the most nearby distance-selected sample being close to zero, Δ
μ
o
(Cepheid—TRGB) = −0.026 ± 0.015 mag (for an
I
-band TRGB zero-point of
M
I
= −4.05 mag); however, for the more distant sample, there is a larger offset between the two distance scales, amounting to −0.073 ± 0.057 mag 〈Δ
μ
o
〉 (Cepheids—TRGB) = −0.026 ± 0.015 mag, for an
I
-band TRGB zero-point of
M
I
= −4.05 mag. (2) The individual differences, about that mean, have a measured scatter of ±0.068 mag. (3) We find no statistically significant evidence for a metallicity dependence in the Cepheid distance scale using the reddening-free
W
(
V
,
VI
) period–luminosity relation: Δ
μ
o
(
Cepheid
−
TRGB
) = − 0.022( ± 0.015) × (O/H − 8.50) − 0.003(±0.007).
Updates and corrections are made to a number of numerical entries and their references in Table 1 of the published article. Updated plots of the final run of the comparison of the tip of the red ...giant branch (TRGB) and Cepheid distances with metallicity, as seen in the lower panels of Figures 1 and 2 in the published article, are shown in the composite figure given here (Figure 1). The main conclusion of the published article, that there is no statistically significant correlation of the zero-point of the Cepheid period–luminosity relation with metallicity, is unchanged. The updated “statistically flat” regression is now found to be Δ μ o (Cepheid − TRGB) = −0.028 (±0.019) × (O/H − 8.50) − 0.014 (±0.042).
Using a mid-infrared calibration of the Cepheid distance scale based on recent observations at 3.6 mu m with the Spitzer Space Telescope, we have obtained a new, high-accuracy calibration of the ...Hubble constant. In combination with the new Spitzer calibration, the systematic uncertainty in Hsub 0 over that obtained by the Hubble Space Telescope Key Project has decreased by over a factor of three. The result, in combination with WMAP7 measurements of the cosmic microwave background anisotropies and assuming a flat universe, yields a value of the equation of state for dark energy, wsub 0 = -1.09 + or - 0.10. Alternatively, relaxing the constraints on flatness and the numbers of relativistic species, and combining our results with those of WMAP7, Type Ia supernovae and baryon acoustic oscillations yield wsub 0 = -1.08 + or - 0.10 and a value of Nsubeff = 4.13 + or - 0.67, mildly consistent with the existence of a fourth neutrino species.
ABSTRACT Using Spitzer observations of classical Cepheids we have measured the true average distance modulus of the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) to be mag (corresponding to kpc), which is 0.48 0.01 ...mag more distant than the LMC. This is in agreement with previous results from Cepheid observations, as well as with measurements from other indicators such as RR Lyrae stars and the tip of the red giant branch. Utilizing the properties of the mid-infrared Leavitt Law we measured precise distances to individual Cepheids in the SMC, and have confirmed that the galaxy is tilted and elongated such that its eastern side is up to 20 kpc closer than its western side. This is in agreement with the results from red clump stars and dynamical simulations of the Magellanic Clouds and Stream.
We present an analysis of the final data release of the Carnegie Supernova Project I, focusing on the absolute calibration of the luminosity-decline rate relation for Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) ...using new intrinsic color relations with respect to the color-stretch parameter, sBV, enabling improved dust extinction corrections. We investigate to what degree the so-called fast-declining SNe Ia can be used to determine accurate extragalactic distances. We estimate the intrinsic scatter in the luminosity-decline rate relation and find it ranges from 0.13 mag to 0.18 mag with no obvious dependence on wavelength. Using the Cepheid variable star data from the SH0ES project, the SN Ia distance scale is calibrated and the Hubble constant is estimated using our optical and near-infrared sample, and these results are compared to those determined exclusively from a near-infrared subsample. The systematic effect of the supernova's host galaxy mass is investigated as a function of wavelength and is found to decrease toward redder wavelengths, suggesting this effect may be due to dust properties of the host. Using estimates of the dust extinction derived from optical and near-infrared wavelengths and applying these to the H band, we derive a Hubble constant , whereas using a simple B − V color correction applied to the B band yields . Photometry of two calibrating SNe Ia from the CSP-II sample, SN 2012ht and SN 2015F, is presented and used to improve the calibration of the SN Ia distance ladder.
A near-infrared, color-selected subset of carbon-rich asymptotic giant branch (C-AGB) stars is found to have tightly constrained luminosities in the near-infrared J band. Based on JK photometry of ...some 3300 C-AGB stars in the bar of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) we find that these stars have a constant absolute magnitude of mag, adopting the detached eclipsing binary (DEB) distance to the LMC of 18.477 0.004 (stat) 0.026 (sys). Undertaking a second, independent calibration in the Small Magellanic Cloud, which also has a DEB geometric distance, we find 0.01 (stat) 0.05 (sys) mag. For the LMC the scatter is 0.27 mag for single-epoch observations, (falling to 0.15 mag for multiple observations averaged over a window of more than one year). We provisionally adopt mag 0.01 (stat) 0.04 (sys) mag for the mean absolute magnitude of these stars. Applying this calibration to stars recently observed in the galaxy NGC 253, we determine a distance modulus of 27.66 0.01(stat) 0.04 mag (syst), corresponding to a distance of 3.40 0.06 Mpc (stat). This is in excellent agreement with the average tip of the red giant branch (TRGB) distance modulus of 27.68 0.05 mag, assuming MI = −4.05 mag for the TRGB zero-point.
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