Nontarget screening studies have recently revealed the accumulation of typically unmonitored organohalogen compounds (OHCs) in various marine animals, but information for terrestrial food chains is ...still lacking. This study investigated the accumulation profiles of known and unknown OHCs in the liver of representative wild bird specimens from Osaka, Japan using nontarget analysis based on two-dimensional gas chromatography–time-of-flight mass spectrometry. A large number of unmonitored OHCs were identified, including anthropogenic contaminants and marine halogenated natural products (HNPs), and their accumulation profiles were considered to be influenced by terrestrial and brackish water-based diets. Anthropogenic OHCs were highly accumulated in terrestrial predator species (peregrine falcon, hawks, and black kite), and some unmonitored highly chlorinated contaminants reached the levels of microgram per gram lipid in the liver, i.e., C10-/C15-based chlordane related compounds (CHLs) and their epoxides, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) homologues, and polychlorinated terphenyls (PCTs). In contrast, HNPs were accumulated at higher levels in piscivorous birds (gray heron and common cormorant). Considering the enrichment of the unmonitored C10-/C15-based CHLs, PCTs, and DDE homologues relative to structurally similar persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in high trophic-level species such as raptors, further studies are needed to elucidate their environmental levels, behavior in terrestrial food chains, and ecotoxicological impacts.
The purpose of this study was to investigate a method to estimate the deterioration area of fire-damaged concrete by the impact elastic wave method, performing measurement from the surface of the ...concrete. Based on the findings of this study, it is considered that the measured contact time between the surface of the concrete and the hitting hammer can be used to estimate the area of deterioration on the surface, and that multipoint measurement of the propagation time of the elastic wave on the surface of the concrete can estimate the depth of deterioration. However, the estimation accuracy was found to be lower in the case of slight deterioration.
In this paper, we analysed statistically the curvature and height of eaves camber in Japanese monumental shrines and temples by the "Formula of eaves camber for CAD" we originally developed. The ...results shows as follows; 1) The design of eaves camber doesn't differ among any scale of architectures without "Zushi & Kuden ". 2) "Wayo style" architecture has a gentler curvature and a lower height in eaves camber than "Karayo style" architecture. 3) The curvature of eaves camber changed remarkably after the late Heian era in the "Wayo style", and became gradually higher after the late Muromachi era in the "Karayo style". 4) The design of eaves camber differs among single-, two-, and three-story architecture.
Design about the eaves is a very important factor to construct exterior on Japanese traditional architecture. In the Edo and Meiji era, many Japanese architectural books were written. But eaves ...camber design method was not written until "Banshouke Kayaoisori Mitugousinri" which was written by Tousai Kiko in 1864. After that, 12 books were written. We universalize these methods by functional equations, and attempt to make practicable by CAD. We examine the rate of application for architectural monuments by computer analyzing, and propose "Formula of Eaves Camber for CAD" as best formula.
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