Purpose: Children with mental health disorders have lower physical activity levels compared to their peers; however, minimal research has been conducted to date to understand their unique experiences ...of physical activity. We sought to better understand these experiences, along with contributing factors, through interviews with children with mental health disorders and their parents/guardians.
Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 children (6-12 years, 17 males) and 18 parents/guardians from a metropolitan mental health service, and data were analysed using a thematic analysis approach.
Results and conclusions: Children predominantly participated in play-based, unstructured physical activities with their families. Aspects of social connection (or disconnection), children's movement skill and resilience, and a desire to experience success and enjoyment, were described as influencers of children's physical activity participation experiences (and levels). Children and parents/guardians also emphasised the importance of emotional and physical support surrounding physical activity participation, and the need for suitably tailored programmes and environments. Recommendations are offered to facilitate physical activity programming that meets the specific needs of children with mental health disorders and their families.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the reliability of the Aerobic Power Index (API) submaximal cardiorespiratory exercise test, as well as associated variables of oxygen uptake ...(ml·kg(-1)·min(-1)) and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) in cancer patients who are generally unable to complete maximal or lengthy aerobic fitness tests. Twenty male and female participants (11 male; 9 female) aged between 18 and 70 y (mean = 53.28 ± 11. 82 y) were recruited with medical consent within 4 weeks of completing chemotherapy treatment for a lymphohaematopoietic cancer (LHC). Of the twenty recruited participants' 2 were excluded from analysis due to disease relapse or complications unrelated to testing occurring within the month following testing. Intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) scores for power output (W·kg(-1)) and oxygen uptake (ml·kg(-1)·min(-1)) were highly reliable (R1 = 0.96 and 0.96, respectively) and the ICC for RPE was moderately reliable (R1 = 0.83). Technical error of measurement results for power output (W·kg(-1)), oxygen uptake (ml·kg(-1)·min(-1)) and RPE were 0.11W·kg(-1), 1.18 ml·kg(-1)·min(-1) and 1.0 respectively. A Pearson's product-moment correlation demonstrated a strong relationship between power output (W·kg(-1)) and oxygen uptake (ml·kg(-1)·min(-1)) for both trials (r = 0.93 and 0.89, respectively). Results demonstrate that the API test is a highly reliable protocol for use with a LHC population and can be considered a clinically feasible, safe and tolerable exercise test.
Plant immunity requires recognition of pathogen effectors by intracellular NB-LRR immune receptors encoded by Resistance (R) genes. Most R proteins recognize a specific effector, but some function in ...pairs that recognize multiple effectors. Arabidopsis thaliana TIR-NB-LRR proteins RRS1-R and RPS4 together recognize two bacterial effectors, AvrRps4 from Pseudomonas syringae and PopP2 from Ralstonia solanacearum. However, AvrRps4, but not PopP2, is recognized in rrs1/rps4 mutants. We reveal an R gene pair that resembles and is linked to RRS1/RPS4, designated as RRS1B/RPS4B, which confers recognition of AvrRps4 but not PopP2. Like RRS1/RPS4, RRS1B/RPS4B proteins associate and activate defence genes upon AvrRps4 recognition. Inappropriate combinations (RRS1/RPS4B or RRS1B/RPS4) are non-functional and this specificity is not TIR domain dependent. Distinct putative orthologues of both pairs are maintained in the genomes of Arabidopsis thaliana relatives and are likely derived from a common ancestor pair. Our results provide novel insights into paired R gene function and evolution.
Oomycetes form a deep lineage of eukaryotic organisms that includes a large number of plant pathogens which threaten natural and managed ecosystems. We undertook a survey to query the community for ...their ranking of plant‐pathogenic oomycete species based on scientific and economic importance. In total, we received 263 votes from 62 scientists in 15 countries for a total of 33 species. The Top 10 species and their ranking are: (1) Phytophthora infestans; (2, tied) Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis; (2, tied) Phytophthora ramorum; (4) Phytophthora sojae; (5) Phytophthora capsici; (6) Plasmopara viticola; (7) Phytophthora cinnamomi; (8, tied) Phytophthora parasitica; (8, tied) Pythium ultimum; and (10) Albugo candida. This article provides an introduction to these 10 taxa and a snapshot of current research. We hope that the list will serve as a benchmark for future trends in oomycete research.
Arabidopsis thaliana accessions are universally resistant at the adult leaf stage to white rust (Albugo candida) races that infect the crop species Brassica juncea and Brassica oleracea. We used ...transgressive segregation in recombinant inbred lines to test if this apparent species-wide (nonhost) resistance in A. thaliana is due to natural pyramiding of multiple Resistance (R) genes. We screened 593 inbred lines from an Arabidopsis multiparent advanced generation intercross (MAGIC) mapping population, derived from 19 resistant parental accessions, and identified two transgressive segregants that are susceptible to the pathogen. These were crossed to each MAGIC parent, and analysis of resulting F₂ progeny followed by positional cloning showed that resistance to an isolate of A. candida race 2 (Ac2V) can be explained in each accession by at least one of four genes encoding nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immune receptors. An additional gene was identified that confers resistance to an isolate of A. candida race 9 (AcBoT) that infects B. oleracea. Thus, effector-triggered immunity conferred by distinct NLR-encoding genes in multiple A. thaliana accessions provides species-wide resistance to these crop pathogens.
SUMMARY
The oomycete Albugo candida causes white rust of Brassicaceae, including vegetable and oilseed crops, and wild relatives such as Arabidopsis thaliana. Novel White Rust Resistance (WRR) genes ...from Arabidopsis enable new insights into plant/parasite co‐evolution. WRR4A from Arabidopsis accession Columbia (Col‐0) provides resistance to many but not all white rust races, and encodes a nucleotide‐binding, leucine‐rich repeat immune receptor. Col‐0 WRR4A resistance is broken by AcEx1, an isolate of A. candida. We identified an allele of WRR4A in Arabidopsis accession Øystese‐0 (Oy‐0) and other accessions that confers full resistance to AcEx1. WRR4AOy‐0 carries a C‐terminal extension required for recognition of AcEx1, but reduces recognition of several effectors recognized by the WRR4ACol‐0 allele. WRR4AOy‐0 confers full resistance to AcEx1 when expressed in the oilseed crop Camelina sativa.
Significance Statement
A C‐terminal extension in an allele of the Arabidopsis resistance‐protein WRR4A changes effector recognition specificity, enabling the WRR4AOy‐0 allele to confer immunity to Albugo candida races that overcome the WRR4ACol‐0 allele. This resistance can be transferred to the oil‐producing crop Camelina sativa.
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