Abstract Perturbation theory (PT) might be one of the most powerful and fruitful tools for both physicists and chemists, which has led to a wide variety of applications. Over the past decades, ...advances in quantum computing provide opportunities for alternatives to classical methods. Recently, a general quantum circuit estimating the low order PT corrections has been proposed. In this article, we revisit the quantum circuits for PT calculations, and develop the methods for higher order PT corrections of eigenenergy, especially the 3rd and 4th order corrections. We present the feasible quantum circuit to estimate each term in these PT corrections. There are two the fundamental operations in the proposed circuit. One approximates the perturbation terms, the other approximates the inverse of unperturbed energy difference. The proposed method can be generalized to higher order PT corrections.
Due to the complex interactions between multiple infectious diseases, the spreading of diseases in human bodies can vary when people are exposed to multiple sources of infection at the same time. ...Typically, there is heterogeneity in individuals' responses to diseases, and the transmission routes of different diseases also vary. Therefore, this paper proposes an SIS disease spreading model with individual heterogeneity and transmission route heterogeneity under the simultaneous action of two competitive infectious diseases. We derive the theoretical epidemic spreading threshold using quenched mean-field theory and perform numerical analysis under the Markovian method. Numerical results confirm the reliability of the theoretical threshold and show the inhibitory effect of the proportion of fully competitive individuals on epidemic spreading. The results also show that the diversity of disease transmission routes promotes disease spreading, and this effect gradually weakens when the epidemic spreading rate is high enough. Finally, we find a negative correlation between the theoretical spreading threshold and the average degree of the network. We demonstrate the practical application of the model by comparing simulation outputs to temporal trends of two competitive infectious diseases, COVID-19 and seasonal influenza in China.
Contemporary thin-film photovoltaic (PV) materials contain elements that are scarce (CIGS) or regulated (CdTe and lead-based perovskites), a fact that may limit the widespread impact of these ...emerging PV technologies. Tin halide perovskites utilize materials less stringently regulated than the lead (Pb) employed in mainstream perovskite solar cells; however, even today’s best tin-halide perovskite thin films suffer from limited carrier diffusion length and poor film morphology. We devised a synthetic route to enable in situ reaction between metallic Sn and I2 in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), a reaction that generates a highly coordinated SnI2·(DMSO) x adduct that is well-dispersed in the precursor solution. The adduct directs out-of-plane crystal orientation and achieves a more homogeneous structure in polycrystalline perovskite thin films. This approach improves the electron diffusion length of tin-halide perovskite to 290 ± 20 nm compared to 210 ± 20 nm in reference films. We fabricate tin-halide perovskite solar cells with a power conversion efficiency of 14.6% as certified in an independent lab. This represents a ∼20% increase compared to the previous best-performing certified tin-halide perovskite solar cells. The cells outperform prior earth-abundant and heavy-metal-free inorganic-active-layer-based thin-film solar cells such as those based on amorphous silicon, Cu2ZnSn(S/Se)4 , and Sb2(S/Se)3.
Organometal halide perovskites (OHP) are promising materials for low-cost, high-efficiency light-emitting diodes. In films with a distribution of two-dimensional OHP nanosheets and small ...three-dimensional nanocrystals, an energy funnel can be realized that concentrates the excitations in highly efficient radiative recombination centers. However, this energy funnel is likely to contain inefficient pathways as the size distribution of nanocrystals, the phase separation between the OHP and the organic phase. Here, we demonstrate that the OHP crystallite distribution and phase separation can be precisely controlled by adding a molecule that suppresses crystallization of the organic phase. We use these improved material properties to achieve OHP light-emitting diodes with an external quantum efficiency of 15.5%. Our results demonstrate that through the addition of judiciously selected molecular additives, sufficient carrier confinement with first-order recombination characteristics, and efficient suppression of non-radiative recombination can be achieved while retaining efficient charge transport characteristics.
All‐inorganic lead halide perovskites are promising candidates for optoelectronic applications. However, fundamental questions remain over the component interaction in the perovskite precursor ...solution due to the limitation of the most commonly used solvents of N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Here, we report an interaction tailoring strategy for all‐inorganic CsPbI3−xBrx perovskites by involving the ionic liquid solvent methylammonium acetate (MAAc). C=O shows strong interaction with lead (Pb2+) and N−H⋅⋅⋅I hydrogen bond formation is observed. The interactions stabilize the perovskite precursor solution and allow production of the high‐quality perovskite films by retarding the crystallization. Without the necessity for antisolvent treatment, the one‐step air‐processing approach delivers photovoltaic cells regardless of humidity, with a high efficiency of 17.10 % along with long operation stability over 1500 h under continuous light illumination.
By involving a methyl ammonium acetate (MAAc) ionic liquid solvent, strong Pb−O interaction and N−H⋅⋅⋅I hydrogen bonds between MAAc and PbI2 lead to a controllable all‐inorganic perovskite formation in ambient air. The resulting solar cells exhibit high efficiency and excellent stability under continuous light illumination.
Crystal orientations in multiple orders correlate to the properties of polycrystalline materials, and it is critical to manipulate these microstructural arrangements to enhance device performance. ...Herein, we report a controllable approach to manipulate the facet orientation within the ABX
hybrid perovskites polycrystalline films by cation cascade doping at A-site. Two-dimensional synchrotron radiation grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering is employed to probe the crystal orientations in multiple orders in mixed perovskites thin films, revealing a general pattern to guide crystal planes stacking upon extrinsic doping during crystallization. Different from previous studies, this method enables to adjust the crystal stacking mode of certain crystallographic planes in polycrystalline perovskites. Moreover, the preferred facet orientation is found to facilitate photocarrier transport across the absorber and pertaining interface in the resultant PV device, which provides an exemplary paradigm for further explorations that relate to the microstructures of hybrid perovskite materials and relevant optoelectronics.
Although all‐inorganic perovskite solar cells (PSCs) demonstrate high thermal stability, cesium‐lead halide perovskites with high iodine content suffer from poor stability of the black phase ...(α‐phase). In this study, it is demonstrated that incorporating InCl3 into the host perovskite lattice helps to inhibit the formation of yellow phase (δ‐phase) perovskite and thereby enhances the long‐term ambient stability. The enhanced stability is achieved by a strategy for the structural reconstruction of CsPbI2Br perovskite by means of In3+ and Cl− codoping, which gives rise to a significant improvement in the overall spatial symmetry with a closely packed atom arrangement due to the crystal structure transformation from orthorhombic (Pnma) to cubic (Pm‐3m). In addition, a novel thermal radiation heating method that further improves the uniformity of the perovskite thin films is presented. This approach enables the construction of all‐inorganic InCl3:CsPbI2Br PSCs with a champion power conversion efficiency of 13.74% for a small‐area device (0.09 cm2) and 11.4% for a large‐area device (1.00 cm2).
Incorporation of indium(III) chloride is directly shown to induce the structural reconstruction of CsPbI2Br perovskite at the microscopic level, which allows the stabilization of the α‐phase perovskite by means of increasing the structure tolerance factor and decreasing the grain size. Consequently, the square‐centimeter all‐inorganic InCl3:CsPbI2Br perovskite solar cells yield a power conversion efficiency of 11.4% with high stability.
The negatively charged boron vacancy in hBN shows promise as a quantum sensor, but, until recently, the focus has been on its ground-state properties. Here, the authors report temperature-dependent ...spin-resonance optical spectroscopy of the orbital excited state.
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