•A comprehensive and systematic review of the reliability of mobile wireless sensor networks (MWSNs) is presented.•The typical features of MWSNs and the current classical routing protocols are ...summarized.•The typical reliability methods of MWSNs in the references are summarized, sorted, classified and compared.•The important challenges of MWSNs reliability are pointed out.
With the development and popularization of mobile terminal technology, mobile wireless sensor networks (MWSNs) have become a new evolution trend in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) technology. The mobility of nodes introduced by MWSNs greatly expands the application range of WSNs. However, the mobility of the sink node also induces changes of the network topology, time delays, and packet loss rates, which can greatly affect the routing performance of the networks. In addition, the reliability and robustness of the networks are also greatly affected and challenged. The theories and methods applied to WSNs previously, such as data collection, reliable data transmission, network reliability, network topologies, and routing protocols are not currently available for MWSNs. The introduction of mobility features into traditional static WSNs brings new challenges for the stability, security, and reliability of WSNs. Reliability is an important index for evaluating the performance of MWSNs. Moreover, the reliability of the data transmission determines the practical value of MWSNs. The stable and reliable operation of MWSNs requires ongoing and important work. Therefore, in this article, we present a comprehensive and meticulous investigation of the reliability theory of MWSNs which was developed in recent years. This article outlines the classification and features of MWSNs. Specifically, we systematically analyze the research direction and recent progress made in the field of MWSNs. The existing methods are systematically compared and the advantages and disadvantages of the methods are presented. The main parameters of comparison include time delays, network size, energy efficiency, scalability, and reliability. Finally, some open questions and future research directions are presented at the end of this article.
Drug resistance develops in nearly all patients with colon cancer, leading to a decrease in the therapeutic efficacies of anticancer agents. This review provides an up-to-date summary on ...over-expression of ATPbinding cassette(ABC) transporters and evasion of apoptosis, two representatives of transport-based and non-transport-based mechanisms of drug resistance, as well as their therapeutic strategies. Different ABC transporters were found to be up-regulated in colon cancer, which can facilitate the efflux of anticancer drugs out of cancer cells and decrease their therapeutic effects. Inhibition of ABC transporters by suppressing their protein expressions or co-administration of modulators has been proven as an effective approach to sensitize drug-resistant cancer cells to anticancer drugs in vitro. On the other hand, evasion of apoptosis observed in drug-resistant cancers also results in drug resistance to anticancer agents, especially to apoptosis inducers. Restoration of apoptotic signals by BH3 mimetics or epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors and inhibition of cancer cell growth by alternative cell death pathways, such as autophagy, are effective means to treat such resistant cancer types. Given that the drug resistance mechanisms are different among colon cancer patients and may change even in a single patient at different stages, personalized and specific combination therapy is proposed to be more effective and safer for the reversal of drug resistance in clinics.
Wide usage of vehicle's onboard navigation system offers vehicles better terms to improve energy efficiency. In this paper, a computationally effective energy management strategy using model ...predictive control (MPC) is proposed to find the energy optimal torque split, gear shift, and velocity control of a parallel hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). We consider the vehicles in urban driving, where the vehicle trajectory is constrained by the infrastructure (road signs) and other vehicles (traffic). Restricted by the discrete gear ratio, nonlinear dynamics of the vehicles, and especially different time scales between velocity trajectory and torque split optimization, finding these control variables in one optimal problem is quite challenging. Thus, this paper uses bi-level methodology to reduce computational time and simplify the hybrid optimal problem by decoupling its components into two subproblems. In the outer loop, the optimal velocity trajectory is obtained by solving a nonlinear time-varying optimal problem using a Krylov subspace method to improve computational efficiency. In the second subproblem, we provide an explicit solution of the optimal torque split ratio and gear shift schedule by combining Pontryagin's minimum principle and numerical methods in the framework of MPC. Simulation results on an AMESim model of an HEV with seven-speed automated manual transmission over multiple driving cycles are presented. The results indicate that both energy efficiency and computational speed are improved.
Summary
In eukaryotes, mechanisms such as alternative splicing (AS) and alternative translation initiation (ATI) contribute to organismal protein diversity. Specifically, splicing factors play ...crucial roles in responses to environment and development cues; however, the underlying mechanisms are not well investigated in plants. Here, we report the parallel employment of short‐read RNA sequencing, single molecule long‐read sequencing and proteomic identification to unravel AS isoforms and previously unannotated proteins in response to abscisic acid (ABA) treatment. Combining the data from the two sequencing methods, approximately 83.4% of intron‐containing genes were alternatively spliced. Two AS types, which are referred to as alternative first exon (AFE) and alternative last exon (ALE), were more abundant than intron retention (IR); however, by contrast to AS events detected under normal conditions, differentially expressed AS isoforms were more likely to be translated. ABA extensively affects the AS pattern, indicated by the increasing number of non‐conventional splicing sites. This work also identified thousands of unannotated peptides and proteins by ATI based on mass spectrometry and a virtual peptide library deduced from both strands of coding regions within the Arabidopsis genome. The results enhance our understanding of AS and alternative translation mechanisms under normal conditions, and in response to ABA treatment.
Significance Statement
In this study, a customized analytical pipeline was developed to study transcriptional and translational changes during the abscisic acid response in plants. Using single molecule long‐read sequencing and short‐read RNA sequencing, we identified numerous alternative spliced (AS) transcripts in Arabidopsis and characterized two new AS types. Proteomic identification indicates differentially expressed AS events were more likely to undergo protein translation. The entire workflow is applicable for other plant species.
In recent years, Bitcoin exchange rate prediction has attracted the interest of researchers and investors. Some studies have used traditional statistical and econometric methods to understand the ...economic and technology determinants of Bitcoin, few have considered the development of predictive models using these determinants. In this study, we developed a two-stage approach for exploring whether the information hidden in economic and technology determinants can accurately predict the Bitcoin exchange rate. In the first stage, two nonlinear feature selection methods comprising an artificial neural network and random forest are used to reduce the subset of potential predictors by measuring the importance of economic and technology factors. In the second stage, the potential predictors are integrated into long short-term memory (LSTM) to predict the Bitcoin exchange rate regardless of the previous exchange rate. Our results showed that by using the economic and technology determinants, LSTM could achieve better predictive performance than the autoregressive integrated moving average, support vector regression, adaptive network fuzzy inference system, and LSTM methods, which all use the previous exchange rate. Thus, information obtained from economic and technology determinants is more important for predicting the Bitcoin exchange rate than the previous exchange rate.
CD-HIT is a widely used program for clustering and comparing large biological sequence datasets. In order to further assist the CD-HIT users, we significantly improved this program with more ...functions and better accuracy, scalability and flexibility. Most importantly, we developed a new web server, CD-HIT Suite, for clustering a user-uploaded sequence dataset or comparing it to another dataset at different identity levels. Users can now interactively explore the clusters within web browsers. We also provide downloadable clusters for several public databases (NCBI NR, Swissprot and PDB) at different identity levels. Availability: Free access at http://cd-hit.org Contact: liwz@sdsc.edu Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
The rapid development of social economy in our country, the industry in innovation and development of the growing demand for oil, promote people to constantly increase the intensity of oilfield ...development, and oilfield development time prolonged, and the application of water injection production in the process of development, cause of formation pore pressure is more and more complex, as the new adjustment well drilling work more difficult. Therefore, the research on dynamic prediction methods of reservoir pore pressure in development Wells is intensified, which can predict reservoir pore pressure in development Wells in a short time, and the pore pressure can be predicted more accurately through the comparative analysis of predicted and measured pressure, providing strong support and guarantee for the design and construction of drilling engineering.
Optoelectronic attributes notwithstanding donor–acceptor covalent organic frameworks (D–A COFs) are not durable photocatalysts in many cases. Herein, a stabilization strategy of D–A COFs by ...intramolecular hydrogen (H)‐bonds and a membrane‐based mass transfer strategy for photocatalytic modulation are reported. The crystalline stability design of COF is cored at the strong π–π interactions and the H‐bonds of adjacent tetrakis(4‐formylphenyl)pyrene and naphthalenediimide units and the D–A charge transfer is designed for efficiency optimization. The well‐defined, stable structure and charge dynamics of D–A COF, and the structure‐controlled reactive oxygen species yields are confirmed. In two photoredox models, the COF presents both robust activity and stability and is further integrated with the mass transfer optimization of the COFs/polyvinylidene fluoride membrane. The membrane is recycled at least 15 times, and the turnover frequency value of g‐scale amine coupling is as high as 62.4 h−1. This work offers a facile approach to the stabilization design of D–A COFs and explores a general membrane‐based mass transfer strategy for photocatalysis.
Intramolecular hydrogen (H)‐bonds and donor–acceptor (D–A) concepts are integrated into the design of novel covalent organic frameworks (COFs) to fulfill both efficiency and stability targets. Stably ordered skeleton and D–A charge dynamics lead the COF to be efficient for independent photocatalytic coupling and dehalogenation reactions, and the membrane‐based mass transfer strategy selectively boosts the coupling.
Benzothiazoles have played an important role in the field of biochemistry and medicinal chemistry due to their highly pharmaceutical and biological activity. The development of synthetic processes is ...undoubtedly one of the most significant problems facing researchers. In this review paper, we provided recent advances in the synthesis of benzothiazole compounds related to green chemistry from condensation of 2-aminobenzenethiol with aldehydes/ketones/acids/acyl chlorides and the cyclization of thioamide or carbon dioxide (CO
) as raw materials, and the future development trend and prospect of the synthesis of benzothiazoles were anticipated.
The next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology has greatly facilitated genomic and transcriptomic studies, contributing significantly in expanding the current knowledge on genome and transcriptome. ...However, the continually evolving variety of sequencing platforms, protocols and analytical pipelines has led the research community to focus on cross-platform evaluation and standardization. As a NGS pioneer in China, the Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI) has announced its own NGS platform designated as BGISEQ-500, since 2016. The capability of this platform in large-scale DNA sequencing and small RNA analysis has been already evaluated. However, the comparative performance of BGISEQ-500 platform in transcriptome analysis remains yet to be elucidated. The Illumina series, a leading sequencing platform in China's sequencing market, would be a preferable reference to evaluate new platforms.
To this end, we describe a cross-platform comparative study between BGISEQ-500 and Illumina HiSeq4000 for analysis of
WT (Col 0) transcriptome. The key parameters in RNA sequencing and transcriptomic data processing were assessed in biological replicate experiments, using aforesaid platforms.
The results from the two platforms BGISEQ-500 and Illumina HiSeq4000 shared high concordance in both inter- (correlation, 0.88-0.93) and intra-platform (correlation, 0.95-0.98) comparison for gene quantification, identification of differentially expressed genes and alternative splicing events. However, the two platforms yielded highly variable interpretation results for single nucleotide polymorphism and insertion-deletion analysis.
The present case study provides a comprehensive reference dataset to validate the capability of BGISEQ-500 enabling it to be established as a competitive and reliable platform in plant transcriptome analysis.
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