Numerous studies report an association between social support and protection from depression, but no systematic review or meta-analysis exists on this topic.
To review systematically the ...characteristics of social support (types and source) associated with protection from depression across life periods (childhood and adolescence; adulthood; older age) and by study design (cross-sectional v cohort studies).
A systematic literature search conducted in February 2015 yielded 100 eligible studies. Study quality was assessed using a critical appraisal checklist, followed by meta-analyses.
Sources of support varied across life periods, with parental support being most important among children and adolescents, whereas adults and older adults relied more on spouses, followed by family and then friends. Significant heterogeneity in social support measurement was noted. Effects were weaker in both magnitude and significance in cohort studies.
Knowledge gaps remain due to social support measurement heterogeneity and to evidence of reverse causality bias.
The quality of leptomeningeal collaterals may influence the speed of infarct progression in acute stroke. Our main objective was to evaluate the association of leptomeningeal collateral score and its ...interaction with time with ischemic changes on CT in patients with acute stroke.
Adult patients with acute stroke symptoms and anterior circulation large-vessel occlusion on CTA from 2015 to 2019 were included. Routinely performed NCCT and multiphase CTA were reviewed to assess ASPECTS and the leptomeningeal collateral score. We built multivariate regression models to assess the association between leptomeningeal collateral score and its interaction with time and ASPECTS. Performance measures to predict poor ASPECTS at different time thresholds (identified with receiver operating characteristic curve analysis) were estimated in a subgroup of patients with poor leptomeningeal collateral scores.
Leptomeningeal collateral scores 0-1 were associated with lower ASPECTS, and the model with dichotomized and trichotomized leptomeningeal collateral score showed a significant multiplicative interaction between time and the leptomeningeal collateral score. The negative predictive value for poor ASPECTS was >0.9 for at least the first 3 hours from stroke onset to imaging, and the positive predictive value was <0.5 for every time threshold tested in the subgroup of patients with leptomeningeal collateral scores 0-3.
Poor (0-1) leptomeningeal collateral scores were associated with lower ASPECTS, and an increase in time has a multiplicative interaction with the leptomeningeal collateral score on ASPECTS.
Social decisions are crucial for the success of individuals and the groups that they comprise. Group members respond vicariously to benefits obtained by others, and impairments in this capacity ...contribute to neuropsychiatric disorders such as autism and sociopathy. We examined the manner in which neurons in three frontal cortical areas encoded the outcomes of social decisions as monkeys performed a reward-allocation task. Neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) predominantly encoded rewards that were delivered to oneself. Neurons in the anterior cingulate gyrus (ACCg) encoded reward allocations to the other monkey, to oneself or to both. Neurons in the anterior cingulate sulcus (ACCs) signaled reward allocations to the other monkey or to no one. In this network of received (OFC) and foregone (ACCs) reward signaling, ACCg emerged as an important nexus for the computation of shared experience and social reward. Individual and species-specific variations in social decision-making might result from the relative activation and influence of these areas.
The neuroethology of friendship Brent, Lauren J.N.; Chang, Steve W.C.; Gariépy, Jean-François ...
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,
20/May , Volume:
1316, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Friendship pervades the human social landscape. These bonds are so important that disrupting them leads to health problems, and difficulties forming or maintaining friendships attend neuropsychiatric ...disorders like autism and depression. Other animals also have friends, suggesting that friendship is not solely a human invention but is instead an evolved trait. A neuroethological approach applies behavioral, neurobiological, and molecular techniques to explain friendship with reference to its underlying mechanisms, development, evolutionary origins, and biological function. Recent studies implicate a shared suite of neural circuits and neuromodulatory pathways in the formation, maintenance, and manipulation of friendships across humans and other animals. Health consequences and reproductive advantages in mammals additionally suggest that friendship has adaptive benefits. We argue that understanding the neuroethology of friendship in humans and other animals brings us closer to knowing fully what it means to be human.
Objective:
Recent studies suggest that youth who have a mental health problem are more likely to be NEET—not in education, employment, or training—but findings remain mixed, and evidence from Canada ...is limited. We examined this association across a range of mental and substance disorders in a representative sample of Canadian youth.
Method:
Data were from the 2012 Canadian Community Health Survey–Mental Health (n = 5622; ages 15-29). The survey identified past-year mental (depression, bipolar, generalized anxiety) and substance (alcohol, cannabis, other drugs) disorders from a structured interview and included questions on suicidal ideation. We classified as NEET respondents who were not in school or employed in the past week. Logistic regression models tested the associations between mental and substance disorders and NEET status, adjusted for sociodemographic, health, and geographic variables.
Results:
About 10% of youth were NEET. Being NEET was associated with past-year depression (odds ratio OR = 1.67; 95% confidence interval CI, 1.06 to 2.63); bipolar (OR = 2.31; 95% CI, 0.98 to 5.45), generalized anxiety (OR = 2.65; 95% CI, 1.37 to 5.12), and drug use (OR = 3.22; 95% CI, 1.33 to 7.76) disorders; and suicidal ideation (OR = 1.75; 95% CI, 0.99 to 3.09) but was not associated with alcohol (OR = 1.03; 95% CI, 0.63 to 1.69) or cannabis (OR = 0.97; 95% CI, 0.47 to 2.00) disorders.
Conclusions:
Poor mental health was associated with being NEET in Canadian youth. Efforts targeting NEET should include provisions for mental health. Moreover, youth mental health initiatives should consider educational and employment outcomes. Further longitudinal and intervention studies are warranted.
Abstract
Protein-based nanobubbles such as halophilic archaeabacterial gas vesicles (GVs) represent a new class of stable, homogeneous nanoparticles with acoustic properties that allow them to be ...visualized by ultrasound (US) waves. To design GVs as theranostic agents, we modified them to respond to light, with a view to locally generate reactive oxygen species that can kill cancer cells. Specifically, up to 60,000 photoreactive chlorin
e
6 (C
e
6) molecules were chemically attached to lysine ε-amino groups present on the surface of each purified
Halobacterium sp
. NRC-1 GV. The resulting fluorescent NRC-1 C
e
6-GVs have dimensions comparable to that of native GVs and were efficiently taken up by human breast MCF-7 and human hypopharyngeal FaDu-GFP cancer cells as monitored by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. When exposed to light, internalized C
e
6-GVs were 200-fold more effective on a molar basis than free C
e
6 at killing cells. These results demonstrate the potential of C
e
6-GVs as novel and promising nanomaterials for image-guided photodynamic therapy.
Purpose
There are increasing concerns about the intersection between NEET (not in education, employment, or training) status and youth mental ill-health and substance use. However, findings are ...inconsistent and differ across types of problems. This is the first systematic review and meta-analysis (PROSPERO-CRD42018087446) on the association between NEET status and youth mental health and substance use problems.
Methods
We searched Medline, EMBASE, Web of Science, ERIC, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses (1999–2020). Two reviewers extracted data and appraised study quality using a modified Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. We ran robust variance estimation random-effects models for associations between NEET and aggregate groups of mental ill-health and substance use measures; conventional random-effects models for associations with individual mental/substance use problems; and subgroup analyses to explore heterogeneity.
Results
We identified 24 studies from 6,120 references. NEET status was associated with aggregate groups of mental ill-health (OR 1.28, CI 1.06–1.54), substance use problems (OR 1.43, CI 1.08–1.89), and combined mental ill-health and substance use measures (OR 1.38, CI 1.15–1.64). Each disaggregated measure was associated with NEET status mood (OR 1.43, CI 1.21–1.70), anxiety (OR 1.55, CI 1.07–2.24), behaviour problems (OR 1.49, CI 1.21–1.85), alcohol use (OR 1.28, CI 1.24–1.46), cannabis use (OR 1.62, CI 1.07–2.46), drug use (OR 1.99, CI 1.19–3.31), suicidality (OR 2.84, CI 2.04–3.95); and psychological distress (OR 1.10, CI 1.01–1.21). Longitudinal data indicated that aggregate measures of mental health problems and of mental health and substance use problems (combined) predicted being NEET later, while evidence for the inverse relationship was equivocal and sparse.
Conclusion
Our review provides evidence for meaningful, significant associations between youth mental health and substance use problems and being NEET. We, therefore, advocate for mental ill-health prevention and early intervention and integrating vocational supports in youth mental healthcare.
This report describes the synthesis and characterization of new pincer-type complexes of divalent and trivalent nickel. Refluxing toluene mixtures of NiBr2(CH3CN) n and the unsymmetrical pincer-type ...ligands Ph-POCHNimine-R gave (Ph-POCNimine-R)Ni(II)Br in good yields (Ph-POCHNimine-R = 1-(Ph2PO),3-(CHNR)C6H4; R = Bn, 1; Ph, 2; t-Bu, 3; Cy, 4). The C–H nickelation step involved in these syntheses is facilitated in the presence of NEt3. Treating compounds 1–4 with Br2, I2, N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) and N-chlorosuccinimide appears to bring about the desired one-electron oxidation of the Ni(II) center in these complexes, but the putative trivalent species decompose over time and could not be isolated. One of the decomposition products obtained in the Br2 reaction was identified as the zwitterionic compound Br3Ni(II){κO-(E)-N-(3-((diphenylphosphoryl)oxy)benzylidene)benzenaminium}, 5. To identify the factors that are important for isolation of stable trivalent derivatives, we prepared the divalent precursors (i-Pr-POCNimine-Ph)NiX (X= Br, 6, and NCS, 9) and studied their reactions with various oxidants. Whereas treatment of 6 with Br2 or NBS gave the target 17-electron complex (i-Pr-POCNimine-Ph)Ni(III)Br2 (7), no mixed-ligand trivalent complexes of the type (i-Pr-POCNimine-Ph)Ni(III)Br(X) could be isolated from reactions of (i-Pr-POCNimine-Ph)Ni(NCS) (9) with NBS or of 6 with N-chlorosuccinimide. The latter reaction gave a complex mixture from which was isolated a paramagnetic, trinuclear compound (8) composed of octahedral Ni(II) units featuring μ2-Cl and μ2,κO,κN-succinimide fragments. The solid state structures of all new complexes 2-9 have been elucidated by X-ray crystallography.
To determine the prevalence of chronic endometritis (CE) in patients with recurrent implantation failure (RIF) after IVF and unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL).
Prospective observational ...study between November 2012 and March 2015.
University-affiliated private IVF clinic.
Women with RIF after IVF (group 1) and unexplained RPL (group 2).
Office hysteroscopy followed by an endometrial biopsy was performed as part of the workup for RIF and RPL. The diagnosis of CE was histologically confirmed using immunohistochemistry stains for syndecan-1 (CD138).
The prevalence of CE in each group and the sensitivity/specificity of office hysteroscopy in the diagnosis of CE.
Ninety-nine patients were included (46 in group 1 and 53 in group 2). The mean age was 36.3 ± 4.9 years in group 1 and 34.5 ± 4.9 years in group 2. Five biopsies were uninterpretable (three in group 1 and two in group 2) because of insufficient specimen. The prevalence of CE was 14% (6/43) in group 1 and 27% (14/51) in group 2. The sensitivity and specificity of office hysteroscopy in the diagnosis of CE were 40% (8/20) and 80% (59/74), respectively.
We found a high prevalence of immunohistochemically confirmed CE in women with RIF and RPL. Office hysteroscopy is a useful diagnostic tool but should be complemented by an endometrial biopsy for the diagnosis of CE.
NCT01762098.
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