The objective of this work was to characterize rumen volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations, rumen epithelial gene expression, and blood metabolite responses to diets with different starch and ...fiber sources. Six ruminally cannulated yearling Holstein heifers (body weight = 330 ± 11.3 kg) were arranged in a partially replicated Latin square experiment with 4 treatments consisting of different starch barley (BAR) or corn (CRN) and fiber timothy hay (TH) or beet pulp (BP) sources. Treatments were arranged as a 2 × 2 factorial. Beet pulp and TH were used to create relative changes in apparent ruminal fiber disappearance, whereas CRN and BAR were used to create relative changes in apparent ruminal starch disappearance. Each period consisted of 3 d of diet adaptation and 15 d of dietary treatment. In situ disappearance of fiber and starch were estimated from bags incubated in the rumen from d 10 to 14. From d 15 to 17, rumen fluid was collected every hour from 0500 to 2300 h. Rumen fluid samples were pooled by animal/period and analyzed for pH and VFA concentrations. On d 18, 60 to 80 papillae were biopsied from the epithelium and preserved for gene expression analysis. On d 18, one blood sample per heifer was collected from the coccygeal vessel. In situ ruminal starch disappearance rate (7.30 to 8.72%/h for BAR vs. 7.61 to 10.5%/h for CRN) and the extent of fiber disappearance (22.2 to 33.4% of DM for TH vs. 34.4 to 38.7% of DM for BP) were affected by starch and fiber source, respectively. Analysis of VFA molar proportions showed a shift from propionate to acetate, and valerate to isovalerate on TH diets compared with BP. Corn diets favored propionate over butyrate in comparison to BAR diets. Corn diets also had higher molar proportions of valerate. Expression of 1 gene (SLC9A3) were increased in BP diets and 2 genes (BDH1 and SLC16A4) tended to be increased in TH diets. Plasma acetate demonstrated a tendency for a starch by fiber interaction with BAR-BP diets having the highest plasma acetate, but other metabolites measured were not significant. These results suggest that TH has the greatest effect on shifts in VFA molar proportions and epithelial transporters, but does not demonstrate shifts in blood metabolite concentrations.
The Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was initially identified in November 2021 in South Africa and Botswana, as well as in a sample from a ...traveller from South Africa in Hong Kong
. Since then, Omicron has been detected globally. This variant appears to be at least as infectious as Delta (B.1.617.2), has already caused superspreader events
, and has outcompeted Delta within weeks in several countries and metropolitan areas. Omicron hosts an unprecedented number of mutations in its spike gene and early reports have provided evidence for extensive immune escape and reduced vaccine effectiveness
. Here we investigated the virus-neutralizing and spike protein-binding activity of sera from convalescent, double mRNA-vaccinated, mRNA-boosted, convalescent double-vaccinated and convalescent boosted individuals against wild-type, Beta (B.1.351) and Omicron SARS-CoV-2 isolates and spike proteins. Neutralizing activity of sera from convalescent and double-vaccinated participants was undetectable or very low against Omicron compared with the wild-type virus, whereas neutralizing activity of sera from individuals who had been exposed to spike three or four times through infection and vaccination was maintained, although at significantly reduced levels. Binding to the receptor-binding and N-terminal domains of the Omicron spike protein was reduced compared with binding to the wild type in convalescent unvaccinated individuals, but was mostly retained in vaccinated individuals.
Objective To assess the outcome of oral food challenges in patients placed on elimination diets based primarily on positive serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) immunoassay results. Study design This is a ...retrospective chart review of 125 children aged 1-19 years (median age, 4 years) evaluated between January 2007 and August 2008 for IgE-mediated food allergy at National Jewish Health and who underwent an oral food challenge. Clinical history, prick skin test results, and serum allergen-specific IgE test results were obtained. Results The data were summarized for food avoidance and oral food challenge results. Depending on the reason for avoidance, 84%-93% of the foods being avoided were returned to the diet after an oral food challenge, indicating that the vast majority of foods that had been restricted could be tolerated at discharge. Conclusions In the absence of anaphylaxis, the primary reliance on serum food-specific IgE testing to determine the need for a food elimination diet is not sufficient, especially in children with atopic dermatitis. In those circumstances, oral food challenges may be indicated to confirm food allergy status.
This study examined the functionality of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) and posterior cingulate (PC) in mild cognitive impairment amnestic type (MCI), a syndrome that puts patients at greater risk ...for developing Alzheimer disease (AD). Functional MRI (fMRI) was used to identify regions normally active during encoding of novel items and recognition of previously learned items in a reference group of 77 healthy young and middle-aged adults. The pattern of activation in this group guided further comparisons between 14 MCI subjects and 14 age-matched controls. The MCI patients exhibited less activity in the PC during recognition of previously learned items, and in the right hippocampus during encoding of novel items, despite comparable task performance to the controls. Reduced fMRI signal change in the MTL supports prior studies implicating the hippocampus for encoding new information. Reduced signal change in the PC converges with recent research on its role in recognition in normal adults as well as metabolic decline in people with genetic or cognitive risk for AD. Our results suggest that a change in function in the PC may account, in part, for memory recollection failure in AD.
Benign fibrous histiocytoma (FH) is one of the most common mesenchymal neoplasms of the skin. Several histologic variants of cutaneous FH have been described, some of which also have distinct ...clinical features including a propensity for local recurrence. Deep benign FH is an uncommon and poorly recognized clinical subtype that arises in subcutaneous or deep soft tissue. Only a single small series of these neoplasms has been published, and their clinical behavior is not well characterized. In this study, we report the clinicopathologic features of 69 deep FH retrieved from our consultation files. The patients included 41 males and 28 females, ranging in age from 6 to 84 years (median, 37 y). The most common anatomic location was the extremities (58%); the remainder arose on the head and neck (22%), trunk (11%), and in the deep soft tissue of the retroperitoneum, mediastinum, or pelvis (9%). All lesions arising in nonvisceral soft tissue were subcutaneous. The tumors ranged from 0.5 to 25 cm in size (median, 3.0 cm) and were well circumscribed grossly and microscopically. All tumors were composed of bland ovoid to spindle cells arranged in a storiform pattern with admixed lymphocytes. Multinucleate giant cells, osteoclastic giant cells, and/or foam cells were present in 59% of cases, whereas the other 41% were cytologically monomorphic, often resembling cellular FH. Other common findings included a hemangiopericytomalike vascular pattern (42%) and stromal hyalinization (39%). Four cases were classified as atypical deep FH due to the presence of scattered markedly pleomorphic spindle cells within an otherwise histologically typical lesion. The median mitotic rate was 3/10 HPF; 10 cases (14%) had >10 mitoses/10 HPF. Necrosis (2 cases) and lymphovascular invasion (1 case) were rare. Immunohistochemistry revealed expression of CD34 in 20/50 cases (40%), smooth muscle actin in 15/40 (38%), and focal desmin in 1/12 (8%). Of the 37 patients for whom clinical follow-up was available (median, 40 mo), 8 (22%) had a local recurrence; in all 8 cases, the tumor had been marginally or incompletely excised. Metastases occurred in 2 patients (5%), both of whom ultimately died of disease; however, this number is likely exaggerated due to consultation bias. The metastasizing tumors were large (6 and 9 cm) and 1 had tumor necrosis but they were otherwise histologically identical to the nonmetastasizing lesions. In summary, deep FH has many histologic features in common with cutaneous cellular FH; however, it usually has a more diffusely storiform pattern than the latter, is well circumscribed, and may have striking hemangiopericytomalike vessels. Similar to the cellular, aneurysmal, and atypical variants of FH, deep FH recurs in approximately 20% of cases and may rarely metastasize.
We estimated the temporal course of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in Vietnam‐era veterans using a national sample of male twins with a 20‐year follow‐up. The complete sample included those ...twins with a PTSD diagnostic assessment in 1992 and who completed a DSM‐IV PTSD diagnostic assessment and a self‐report PTSD checklist in 2012 (n = 4,138). Using PTSD diagnostic data, we classified veterans into 5 mutually exclusive groups, including those who never had PTSD, and 4 PTSD trajectory groups: (a) early recovery, (b) late recovery, (c) late onset, and (d) chronic. The majority of veterans remained unaffected by PTSD throughout their lives (79.05% of those with theater service, 90.85% of those with nontheater service); however, an important minority (10.50% of theater veterans, 4.45% of nontheater veterans) in 2012 had current PTSD that was either late onset (6.55% theater, 3.29% nontheater) or chronic (3.95% theater, 1.16% nontheater). The distribution of trajectories was significantly different by theater service (p < .001). PTSD remains a prominent issue for many Vietnam‐era veterans, especially for those who served in Vietnam.
Resumen
Spanish s by the Asociación Chilena de Estrés Traumático (ACET)
TRAYECTORIAS DEL TEPT EN VETERANOS DE LA ERA DE VIETNAM.
Estimamos el curso temporal del trastorno por estrés postraumático (TEPT) en veteranos de la era de Vietnam usando una muestra nacional de hombres gemelos con una seguimiento de 20 años. Este fue parte de un Programa de Estudios Cooperativos VA (CSP) #569. La muestra completa incluyó aquellos gemelos con evaluación de diagnóstico de TEPT en 1992 y que completaron una evaluación de diagnóstico DSM‐IV TEPT y un listado auto‐reporte de TEPT en el 2012 (n = 4138). Utilizando datos de diagnóstico TEPT, clasificamos los veteranos en 5 grupos mutuamente exclusivos (a) incluyendo aquellos que nunca tuvieron TEPT, y 4 grupos con trayectoria TEPT: (b) recuperación temprana, (c) recuperación tardía, (d) inicio tardío y (e) crónico. La mayoría de los veteranos permanecieron inafectados por el TEPT a lo largo de sus vidas (79.02% de aquellos con servicio en teatro de operaciones, 4.45% de aquellos sin servicio en teatro) en 2012 teníanTEPT en ese momento que fue de inicio tardío (6.55% teatro, 3.29% no teatro) o crónicos (3.95% teatro, 1.16% no teatro). La distribución de trayectorias fue significativamente diferente para servicio en teatro (p < .001). El TEPT permaneció como un problema prominente para muchos veteranos de la era de Vietnam, especialmente para aquellos que sirvieron en Vietnam.
抽象
Traditional and Simplified Chinese s by AsianSTSS
標題 : 越戰時期服役的退役軍人的PTSD長期發展軌跡༚VA CSP #569༌PTSD在雙生兒中的發展和後果
撮要: 本研究透過由男雙生兒組成的全國性樣本༌以20年的評估時間估計於越戰時期服役的退役軍人其創傷後壓力症(PTSD)隨時間的發展。本研究是退伍軍人事務合作研究專案(CSP) #569的一部份。樣本中的雙生兒(n = 4,138)在1992年接受PTSD診斷評估༌並在2012年完成DSM‐IV的PTSD診斷評估及PTSD自評測量表。我們利用PTSD診斷數據༌把退役軍人分成五個互斥組別༚༈一༉從沒患PTSD的人༌以及四個PTSD軌跡組別༚༈二༉早期康復༛༈三༉後期康復༛༈四༉後期病發༛༈五༉慢性發展。大部分退役軍人一生都沒受PTSD影響༈曾在戰區服役有79.05%༌沒在戰區服役有90.85%༉༌但有小部分退役軍人༈曾在戰區服役有10.50%༌沒在戰區服役有4.45%༉於2012年被診斷出患後期病發的 PTSD༈曾在戰區服役有6.55%༌沒在戰區服役有3.29%༉或慢性發展的 PTSD༈曾在戰區服役有3.95%༌沒在戰區服役有1.16%༉。在不同戰區服役顯著構成不同的症狀軌跡(p < .001)。PTSD到目前為止༌仍為不少越戰時期服役༈特別是曾到越南服役༉的退役軍人面對的重要問題 。
标题 : 越战时期服役的退役军人的PTSD长期发展轨迹༚VA CSP #569༌PTSD在孪生儿中的发展和后果
撮要: 本研究透过由男孪生儿组成的全国性样本༌以20年的评估时间估计于越战时期服役的退役军人其创伤后压力症(PTSD)随时间的发展。本研究是退伍军人事务合作研究项目(CSP) #569的一部份。样本中的孪生儿(n = 4,138)在1992年接受PTSD诊断评估༌并在2012年完成DSM‐IV的PTSD诊断评估及PTSD自评测量表。我们利用PTSD诊断数据༌把退役军人分成五个互斥组别༚༈一༉从没患PTSD的人༌以及四个PTSD轨迹组别༚༈二༉早期康复༛༈三༉后期康复༛༈四༉后期病发༛༈五༉慢性发展。大部分退役军人一生都没受PTSD影响༈曾在战区服役有79.05%༌没在战区服役有90.85%༉༌但有小部分退役军人༈曾在战区服役有10.50%༌没在战区服役有4.45%༉于2012年被诊断出患后期病发的 PTSD༈曾在战区服役有6.55%༌没在战区服役有3.29%༉或慢性发展的 PTSD༈曾在战区服役有3.95%༌没在战区服役有1.16%༉。在不同战区服役显著构成不同的症状轨迹(p < .001)。PTSD到目前为止༌仍为不少越战时期服役༈特别是曾到越南服役༉的退役军人面对的重要问题 。
Empirical methods for estimating shallow-water bathymetry using passive multispectral satellite imagery are robust and globally applicable, in theory, but they require copious local measurements of ...water depth for algorithm calibration. Such calibration data have historically been unavailable for most locations, but NASA’s Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2), a satellite-based LiDAR, might hold unique promise to fill this critical data gap. Although ICESat-2 was not designed as a marine altimeter, its ATLAS sensor consists of six green (532 nm) lasers that can penetrate a water surface and return photons reflected by the seabed, thereby generating bathymetric profiles. Utilizing TCarta’s NSF SBIR-funded Space-Based Laser Bathymetry Extraction Tool and ICESat-2’s ATL03 geolocated photon data product, we have compared ICESat-2 bathymetric retrievals with a portfolio of soundings acquired
in situ
using a vessel-mounted single-beam echosounder. This analysis demonstrated very high correlation (
R
2
= 0.96) between the field and space-based bathymetry data. The comparisons were made at multiple Caribbean and Pacific coral reef sites over water depths ranging from 1 to 20 m. Results suggest that ICESat-2 could be an effective approach for calibrating and validating empirical and radiative transfer methods, alike, for estimating shallow-water bathymetry from remote sensing imagery, thereby enabling the immediate potential for shallow-water bathymetric mapping of Earth’s reefs.
In situ river discharge estimation is a critical component of studying rivers. A dominant method for establishing discharge monitoring in situ is a temporary gauge, which uses a rating curve to ...relate stage to discharge. However, this approach is constrained by cost and the time to develop the stage‐discharge rating curve, as rating curves rely on numerous flow measurements at high and low stages. Here, we offer a novel alternative approach to traditional temporary gauges: estimating Discharge via Arrays of Pressure Transducers (DAPT). DAPT uses a Bayesian discharge algorithm developed for the upcoming Surface Water Ocean Topography satellite (SWOT) to estimate in situ discharge from automated water surface elevation measurements. We conducted sensitivity tests over 4,954 model runs on five gauged rivers and conclude that the DAPT method can robustly reproduce discharge with an average Nash‐Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) of 0.79 and Kling‐Gupta Efficiency of 0.78. Further, we find that the DAPT method estimates discharge similarly to an idealized temporary gauge created from the same input data (NSE differences of less than 0.1), and that results improve significantly with accurate priors. Finally, we test the DAPT method in nine poorly gauged rivers in a realistic and complex field setting in the Peace‐Athabasca Delta, and show that the DAPT method largely outperforms a temporary gauge in this time and budget constrained setting. We therefore recommend DAPT as an effective tool for in situ discharge estimation in cases where there is not enough time or resources to develop a temporary gauge.
Key Points
We adapt a discharge algorithm designed for an upcoming satellite mission for in situ discharge estimation
The method relies on an array of pressure transducers installed along a mass conserved channel
Estimating river discharge using multiple pressure transducers is a viable alternative to installing a temporary gauge
PDF
