Online Social Networks: Threats and Solutions Fire, Michael; Goldschmidt, Roy; Elovici, Yuval
IEEE Communications surveys and tutorials,
01/2014, Volume:
16, Issue:
4
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Many online social network (OSN) users are unaware of the numerous security risks that exist in these networks, including privacy violations, identity theft, and sexual harassment, just to name a ...few. According to recent studies, OSN users readily expose personal and private details about themselves, such as relationship status, date of birth, school name, email address, phone number, and even home address. This information, if put into the wrong hands, can be used to harm users both in the virtual world and in the real world. These risks become even more severe when the users are children. In this paper, we present a thorough review of the different security and privacy risks, which threaten the well-being of OSN users in general, and children in particular. In addition, we present an overview of existing solutions that can provide better protection, security, and privacy for OSN users. We also offer simple-to-implement recommendations for OSN users, which can improve their security and privacy when using these platforms. Furthermore, we suggest future research directions.
Many online social network (OSN) users are unaware of the numerous security risks that exist in these networks, including privacy violations, identity theft, and sexual harassment, just to name a ...few. According to recent studies, OSN users readily expose personal and private details about themselves, such as relationship status, date of birth, school name, email address, phone number, and even home address. This information, if put into the wrong hands, can be used to harm users both in the virtual world and in the real world. These risks become even more severe when the users are children. In this paper we present a thorough review of the different security and privacy risks which threaten the well-being of OSN users in general, and children in particular. In addition, we present an overview of existing solutions that can provide better protection, security, and privacy for OSN users. We also offer simple-to-implement recommendations for OSN users which can improve their security and privacy when using these platforms. Furthermore, we suggest future research directions.
The Rosetta software for macromolecular modeling, docking and design is extensively used in laboratories worldwide. During two decades of development by a community of laboratories at more than 60 ...institutions, Rosetta has been continuously refactored and extended. Its advantages are its performance and interoperability between broad modeling capabilities. Here we review tools developed in the last 5 years, including over 80 methods. We discuss improvements to the score function, user interfaces and usability. Rosetta is available at http://www.rosettacommons.org.
Abstract
BACKGROUND
With an aging population, elderly patients with multiple comorbidities are more frequently undergoing spine surgery and may be at increased risk for complications. Objective ...measurement of frailty may predict the incidence of postoperative adverse events.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the associations between preoperative frailty and postoperative spine surgery outcomes including mortality, length of stay, readmission, surgical site infection, and venous thromboembolic disease.
METHODS
As part of a system-wide quality improvement initiative, frailty assessment was added to the routine assessment of patients considering spine surgery beginning in July 2016. Frailty was assessed with the Risk Analysis Index (RAI), and patients were categorized as nonfrail (RAI 0-29) or prefrail/frail (RAI ≥ 30). Comparisons between nonfrail and prefrail/frail patients were analyzed using Fisher's exact test for categorical data or by Wilcoxon rank sum tests for continuous data.
RESULTS
From August 2016 through September 2018, 668 patients (age of 59.5 ± 13.3 yr) had a preoperative RAI score recorded and underwent scheduled spine surgery. Prefrail and frail patients suffered comparatively higher rates of mortality at 90 d (1.9% vs 0.2%, P < .05) and 1 yr (5.1% vs 1.2%, P < .01) from the procedure date. They also had longer in-hospital length of stay (LOS) (3.9 d ± 3.6 vs 3.1 d ± 2.8, P < .001) and higher rates of 60 d (14.6% vs 8.2%, P < .05) and 90 d (15.8% vs 9.8%, P < .05) readmissions.
CONCLUSION
Preoperative frailty, as measured by the RAI, was associated with an increased risk of readmission and 90-d and 1-yr mortality following spine surgery. The RAI can be used to stratify spine patients and inform preoperative surgical decision making.
Graphical Abstract
Graphical Abstract
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
Mechanical pressure on dural or fascial wound edges exerted by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is thought to impair proper apposition of the wound borders and therefore prevent ...healing. Interestingly, it has been observed that the surgical tissues exposed to CSF do not bleed, exhibit smooth edges, and have no evidence of granulation tissue formation. This raises the question of whether the constituents of CSF themselves impair normal wound healing. However, the biochemical interaction of CSF with the healing process has not been investigated. Here, we hypothesize that CSF exhibits anti-angiogenic properties and therefore inhibits the healing process.
METHODS
We used an in vitro model, in which human umbilical vein endothelial cells grow in a 3-dimensional scaffold. Normally these cells form capillary-like structures named cords. We exposed the model to varying concentrations of CSF vs Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS), used as control. We then quantified cord length. To rule out potential direct cellular toxicity or a general effect on cell migration, we performed a “scratch test” on human fibroblasts exposed to the same CSF or DPBS concentrations.
RESULTS
In all samples (n = 5) of CSF at 50, 75, and 100% volume/volume significantly diminished cell migration and subsequent formation of capillary-like structures compared to DPBS (used to control for dilutional effect) with a dose-dependent tendency. Cell migration remained unchanged in the fibroblast culture, suggesting that CSF specifically inhibits capillary formation.
CONCLUSION
CSF inhibited cord formation with a dose-dependent tendency, implying that it contains signaling molecules that preclude angiogenesis. This effect was cell specific and not observed with fibroblasts. These experiments suggest that CSF, rather than acting as an inert bystander, may actively impair healing by inhibiting capillary formation. This could impact the understanding of postoperative leaks and the potential physiological role of cerebrospinal fluid in precluding neovascular formation in the subarachnoid space.
Esthesioneuroblastomas are uncommon tumors in pediatric patients and are typically treated with multimodal therapy. Changes in gross tumor quality and character in response to adjuvant treatment have ...not been clearly reported. We report the case of a 15-year-old female with a diagnosis of Kadish stage C esthesioneuroblastoma who was treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy and surgical resection. The patient’s tumor demonstrated cytoreduction after chemotherapy but also was found to have calcified. A combined trans-frontal sinus craniotomy with endoscopic endonasal resection was performed and resulted in negative margins and good clinical outcome.
Biology of citrus Spiegel-Roy, P; Goldschmidt, E.E. (Correspondence address: Department of Fruit Breeding and Genetics, Volcani Center, ARO, Bet Dagan (Israel))
1996.
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