In order to investigate the effects of Sb-doping induced grain growth of Cu(InGa)Se2 (CIGS) films processed from quaternary target, thin metallic Sb layers have been deposited in the bottom, in the ...middle and on the top of CIGS layer, respectively. The effects of temperature on Sb-doped CIGS grain size are explored. These results demonstrate that the incorporated Sb in the bottom and middle of CIGS films could significantly increase the grain size of films at selenization temperature of 500 °C, while the incorporated Sb on the top of CIGS takes little effect on grain growth. The phase and morphology variation of metallic Sb and the phase evolution of Sb-doped Mo-CIGS interface with selenization temperature are investigated. These results suggest that the metallic Sb might be selenized into Sb2Se3. As soon as Sb2Se3 generates, it might decompose into volatile phases at 500 °C. In the migration of these volatile phases through CIGS films, the grain growth is enhanced.
•Metallic Sb layer incorporated in the bottom and in the middle of CIGS films could enhance the grain growth effectively.•Metallic Sb layer incorporated on the top of CIGS films had little effects on enhancing the grain growth.•It was suggested that the generated gaseous phases from Sb2Se3 could facilitate the grain growth.
In this study, antimony sulfide (Sb2S3) thin films had been grown on Mo-coated glass substrate by evaporating metallic Sb film and subsequent annealing in nitrogen/sulfur (N2/H2S) environment. The ...effects of annealing temperature on phases, morphologies and compositions of thin films and corresponding devices were investigated. It was found that the metallic Sb layer cannot be sulfured completely at annealing temperature of 320 °C, while amount of the formed Sb2S3 loss occured at annealing temperature beyond 450 °C. The devices with absorber annealed at 400 °C exhibited the best performance as the film possessed improved morphology and phase structure. This study provides new approach to fabricateSb2S3 thin film and possibilities for large scale industrial application of Sb2S3 thin film solar cells.
Objective To establish a method for primary culture of adult mouse cardiac fibroblasts. Methods Myocardial tissues from adult mice were digested with 1 g/L trypsin and 0.8 g/L collagenase IV by ...oscillating water bath for a short time repeatedly. Cardiac fibroblasts and myocardial cells were isolated with differential adhesion method. Immunofluorescence staining was used to assess the purity of cardiac fibroblasts. The cell morphology was observed under an inverted phase contrast microscope. The proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts was analyzed by growth curve and CCK-8 assay. The Smad2/3 phosphorylation induced by TGF-β1 was detected by Western blotting. Results After 90 minutes of differential adhesion, adherent fibroblasts formed spherical cell mass and after 3 days, cells were spindle-shaped and proliferated rapidly. Cells were confluent after 5 days and the growth curve presented nearly "S" shape. The positive expression rate of vimentin was 95%. CCK-8 assay showed that the optimal cell proliferating acti
In this study, the influences of doping with antimony sulfide (Sb2S3) and metallic Sb on the properties of Cu(InGa)Se2 (CIGS) films and devices have been investigated. The incorporation of metallic ...Sb in CIGS films has little effect on grain growth, while the incorporation of Sb2S3 could significantly increase CIGS grain size and alter the preferential orientation of CIGS films. Photoluminescence spectra reveal that the pre-deposited Sb2S3 is beneficial to reduce or passivate defects in CIGS layer. Furthermore, the effects of annealing temperature on grain size and phase structure of Sb-doped CIGS films have been explored and Sb distribution profiles in CIGS film are elucidated. These results suggest that Sb2S3 could take effects on enhancing grain growth beyond a certain critical temperature when the generated antimony selenide (Sb2Se3), rather than Sb2S3, decomposed into some volatile phases. These volatile phases could facilitate the diffusion of the atoms in grain boundaries when they pass through from the bottom to outside of CIGS films. Finally, the efficiency of solar cells increases from 8.4% for un-doped sample to 11.9% for Sb2S3-doped sample. This study provides a new approach for fabricating CIGS thin film with large grains and a potential way for non-hazardous mass production application.
The ApoA-I mimetic peptide D-4F has demonstrated potent atheroprotective actions in vivo and in vitro . We investigated the effect of R-D4F (ie, the D-4F peptide with reverse order of amino acids) on ...intimal hyperplasia after vascular injury in a mouse model of carotid artery ligation. Adult male C57BL/6J mice were pretreated intraperitoneally with vehicle, D-4F (1 mg/kg), or R-D4F (1 mg/kg or 5 mg/kg) daily for 3 days; the mice were then subjected to left carotid artery ligation. All treatments were continued for 28 days after surgery. Neither D-4F nor R-D4F treatment affected serum lipid levels. Morphometric analysis showed that the occluded vessels had significant neointimal formation, compared with the uninjured arteries in vehicle-treated mice. Like the D-4F treatment, R-D4F treatment significantly ( P < 0.05) inhibited intimal hyperplasia (−42%), local neutrophil and macrophage infiltration, and mRNA expression of the proinflammatory mediator monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (−55%) and vascular cell adhesion protein 1 (−53%), compared with vehicle. Furthermore, the vasoprotective effect of high-dose R-D4F was significantly enhanced, compared with the low dose. In cultured mouse RAW 264.7 macrophages, pretreatment with R-D4F also effectively inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced leukocyte integrin CD11b expression, a key molecule for leukocyte infiltration. Taken together, these results suggest that R-D4F has significant anti-inflammatory features and facilitates prevention of neointimal formation after vascular injury in mice.
The accident and death data from 2002 to 2015 were obtained from State Administration of Work Safety of China to investigate the relationship between gross domestic product (GDP) and accident. The ...statistical analysis shows that the accident, death and the death rate of per hundred million yuan present an exponential decreasing trend with the increase of national GDP. The chemical accident data in different provinces were further analyzed. It shows that the dangerous chemical accidents primarily distribute in the regions with better economic development, so more safety measures should be taken to prevent the accidents during economic development. In addition, the next three years of accidents were predicted based on auto-regressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model. The results show that the following two years accidents predicted will be reduced by 4.3% and 6.5% than the last year.
To investigate the relationship between mannose-binding protein(MBP) gene codon 54 (GGC/GAC) polymorphism and the patterns of glomerular immune deposition in IgA nephropathy (IgAN) and explore its ...functional significance.
IgAN patients were divided into two groups according to the pattern of glomerular immune deposition. Group A included 77 patients with glomerular IgA and C3 deposits. Group AGM consisted of 70 patients with glomerular IgA, IgG, IgM, C3 and Clq deposits. One hundred and forty healthy adults were used as normal controls. MBP genotypes were investigated by PCR-RFLP. Serum MBP levels of some subjects with different genotypes were also assayed by ELISA simultaneously.
The genotype frequency of GAC heterozygotes was significantly higher in group AGM than in group A (41.4% vs. 19.5%, P<0.01) or normal subjects (41.4% vs. 26.4%, P<0.05), while no difference was found in the distribution of MBP genotypes between group A and normal subjects. The allele frequency of GAC mutation was also higher in grou
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