In response to increasing ecosystems degradation, many mountain countries have recently implemented harm-reduction policy measures in order to sustain their future economic development, which is ...partially dependent on a strong tourism sector. The objective of this article is to evaluate the policies that stem from Metropolitan Public Gardens Association aims in order to ascertain whether they are associated with a reduction in greenhouse gasses. This cross-sectional study used greenhouse gasses emission data between 1995 and 2016 from 139 countries as an outcome. Difference-in-differences analysis using panel matching with economic, tourism, demographic and other control variables was conducted to evaluate the causal impact of Metropolitan Public Gardens Association policies on greenhouse gasses emissions before and after joining the Metropolitan Public Gardens Association. Our results show that the Metropolitan Public Gardens Association as a global trans-national alliance led effective policy in some cases but not in all. While managing or protecting the conservation, health, vitality and stewardship of mountain ecosystems by promoting a policy of sustainable mountain development, carbon footprints were reduced. We ascribe this impact to the Metropolitan Public Gardens Association committed environmental policy. Metropolitan Public Gardens Association succeeded in decreasing the emission of carbon dioxide per capita but the result for methane per capita is mixed. Surprisingly, evidence of increasing nitrous oxide per capita is found. More research needs to be done to assess the impact of the greenhouse gasses emission - Metropolitan Public Gardens Association intervention nexus before the Difference-in-differences analysis using panel matching technique becomes widespread.
The objective of this study was to analyse the impact of positive externalities of international tourism demand on increasing the market power (MP) of an extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) wholesaler in ...Croatia. In the context of this article, the MP measures how close the wholesaler can set the actual price of EVOO to the maximum the retailer wants to pay. Our hypothesis explained how the additional demand of tourist consumers for EVOO could stimulate and increase the MP of the wholesalers. Here, it was important to remember that the EVOO market signals relatively asymmetric quality information about products that varies in certain ranges. The selected time-series span the weekly period from 2017 to 2019. We used the Toda-Yamamoto approaches of causality in the relationship between the EVOO price gap and tourism overnights, as well as the autoregressive distributed lag model (ARDL) bounds test for cointegration. For larger EVOO bottles (0,75 and 1 l), there is unidirectional causality flowing from tourism consumption, which we presume originates from the tourism demand variable, to MP. There is a relevant bidirectional causality in the case of the 0,25 l bottle. Tourism in a purchased bottle of 0,5 l does not manifest any side-effect impact on MP. This pioneering study has investigated the relationship between the MP of EVOO wholesalers in Croatia and tourist demand. An inventive view has been adopted with regard to the theoretical concept of measuring MP, but also due to the steps towards the use of ARDL bound testing.
This paper examines the relationship between "the house slave effect" and tourist outmigration in most European countries. The outline of this study is set up on the analysis of annual data on ...homeownership and tenant participants in plan to measure the relationship between housing wealth endowment and outbound traveling, with a panel framework that spans the period from 2007 to 2019. In the present empirical case, this paper examines whether or not there is a significant relationship in the sample of 32 countries by using a panel quantile regression method, a panel SGMM, and a panel OLS regression. Estimation outputs reveal that there is a strong negative trade-off between homeownership and outbound tourism for all quantile levels. This evidence along with the auxiliary SGMM and pooled panel estimation assessment strongly confirm that “the house slave effect” negatively affects outbound tourism. What is more, the results show that tenant rates help to boost the international tourism departures or expenditures per capita. The novelty of this work lies in the fact that it provides the pioneering study of the impact of home ownership on outbound travel in European area. The results suggest that a panel quantile regression method (due to data constraints arising from the skewness of international tourism outbound or per capita expenditure data) should be considered when examining the relationship between "the "house slave effect" and outbound tourism in country panel analyses.
"Tourism research has indeed become a booming and attractive agenda for data analysis oriented empirical economist thanks to modern technology. There has been a tremendous improvement over last ...decades in the mathematical, statistical, probabilistic, and computational tools available to applied macroeconomics in tourism research. The book is no attempt to make comprehensive or broad representation of the issues of development of macro econometric modelling in tourism research. Authors’ intention is to be selective, illustrative and deep, to present cases of analytical thinking on some of the major issues of model-based research in tourism sector. Zdravko Šergo is Senior Research Associate at Institute of Agriculture and tourism Poreč, Croatia. His scientific research and professional activities are focused on Tourism economy, Macroeconomic aspects of tourism, Sustainable tourism development. During his carrier he was a member of scientific teams in numerous projects among two or more scientific institutions. He published more than a hundred scientific papers and numerous book chapters. Jasmina Gržinić is full Professor of Tourism at Juraj Dobrila University of Pula, Croatia, Department of Economics and Tourism, where she was the Head of the Department of Tourism for many years. She is a member of the editorial boards of 5 international scientific journals and 4 international scientific monographs. Her main research topics are Principles of tourism, International tourism, Management of tourism attractions, Tour operators and Tourist agencies. She worked on several projects and published more than eighty scientific papers, including the book “International Tourism” (2014) and “Tour operators and hoteliers in the modern tourism” (2015)."
Tourism research has indeed become a booming and attractive agenda for data analysis oriented empirical economist thanks to modern technology. There has been a tremendous improvement over last ...decades in the mathematical, statistical, probabilistic, and computational tools available to applied macroeconomics in tourism research. The book is no attempt to make comprehensive or broad representation of the issues of development of macro econometric modelling in tourism research. Authors’ intention is to be selective, illustrative and deep, to present cases of analytical thinking on some of the major issues of model-based research in tourism sector. Zdravko
Sustainable tourism plays a dominant role in the economic well-being of some of the world’s countries, especially small ones. Tourism earnings account for a significant proportion of their GDP, and ...they have an overwhelming reliance on tourism as a source of service exports. The general trends in tourism earnings and volatilities in country risk ratings often go hand in hand, especially for small touristic countries in that region. The research presented in this paper provides a comparative assessment of the international country risk ratings and highlights the importance of their tourism earnings and tourism export. This study employs the ordered response and Poisson count panel data model for a sample of twenty-two countries most reliant on tourism, including Mediterranean countries. The aim of this study is to investigate whether the tourism determinants of sovereign credit ratings for those countries vary between different rating agencies (Standard & Poor’s, Moody’s and Fitch’s). The key finding is that an increase in tourism earnings as a proportion of GDP and as the main export share in the total country export impairs the sovereign risk rating and turns out to be robust across the different methodologies.
Using zero-inflated Poison and negative binominal models to account for zero observations and binominal regression in the data, this study examines how irrigation patterns in Croatia vary across ...municipalities, with differing agricultural structures, income levels, human capital, fiscal revenues, unemployment rates, development intensities and voting profiles. The target population was irrigation adopted by farmers across Croatia and included 548 municipalities. Irrigation as a type of public good is a form of targeted economic development policy that benefits production. This research examines the following hypothesis: Do municipalities in Croatia adopt irrigation to benefit economically depressed regions and what types of agricultural structures predict the adoption of irrigation?
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