We determined the efficacy of marking the otoliths of three small-sized progenetic gobies to validate their increment periodicity. These small gobies have high mortalities and rearing difficulties, ...making direct validation difficult. The otoliths were marked by immersing the fish in a bath of alizarin red S. The fishes were euthanatized and the number of increments in their otoliths laid down after the fluorescent mark were counted and compared with the number of elapsed days. The results validated the daily periodicity of Aphia minuta and Pseudaphya ferreri. The high mortality hindered the validation of Crystallogobius linearis.
Aquesta tesi doctoral vol descriure la situació del català a Mallorca a partir de la seva transmissió en parelles lingüístiques mixtes, en què un dels dos membres tingui el català com a llengua ...primera i l’altre el castellà. La primera part, teòrica, consta de quatre capítols: Al capítol I, s’ha definit el marc teòric de la investigació. Al capítol II, s’ha tractat la realitat sociolingüística de Mallorca. Al capítol III, s’ha estudiat el concepte de transmissió lingüística intergeneracional. Finalment, al capítol IV, s’han descrit els principis metodològics emprats. La segona part, més analítica, consta de tres capítols més. Al capítol V s’ha caracteritzat lingüísticament les famílies estudiades a partir dels testimonis obtinguts en les entrevistes. Al capítol VI, s’ha estudiat tres variables: a) la d’identitat, b) la de context i c) la de socialització. Com a cloenda, es presenten les conclusions del treball i els corresponents annexos
Esta tesis doctoral pretende describir la situación del catalán en Mallorca a partir de la transmisión en parejas lingüísticas mixtas, en que uno de los dos miembros tengan el catalán como lengua primera y el otro el castellano. La primera parte, teórica, consta de cuatro capítulos: en el primero se ha definido el marco teórico de la investigación, en el segundo se trata la realidad sociolingüística de Mallorca, en el tercero se ha estudiado el concepto de transmisión lingüística intergeneracional; finalmente, en el capítulo cuarto se han descrito los principios metodológicos utilizados. La segunda parte, más analítica, consta de tres capítulos: en el quinto se han caracterizado lingüísticamente a las familias estudiadas a partir de los testimonios obtenidos en las entrevistas, en el sexto se estudian tres variables (de identidad, de contexto y de socialización), como cierre se presentan las conclusiones del trabajo y los correspondientes anejos
This doctoral thesis tries to describe the situation of the transmission of the Catalan language in mixed linguistic couples in Majorca, in which one of the two members speaks Catalan as first language and the other, Spanish. The first part, which is theoretical, has four chapters: the theoretical frames of the investigation, the study of the current sociolinguistic situation in Majorca, the concept of linguistic intergenerational transmission and finally, the description of the methodological principles applied. The second part, which is more analytical, has three chapters: the interviewed families have been characterized linguistically from their testimonies and the study of three variables (identity, context and socialization). Conclusions and attached documents conclude the work
In recent years, the worldwide spread of the so-called high-risk clones of multidrug-resistant or extensively drug-resistant (MDR/XDR)
has become a public health threat. This article reviews their ...mechanisms of resistance, epidemiology, and clinical impact and current and upcoming therapeutic options.
and
treatment studies and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) models are discussed. Polymyxins are reviewed as an important therapeutic option, outlining dosage, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, and their clinical efficacy against MDR/XDR
infections. Their narrow therapeutic window and potential for combination therapy are also discussed. Other "old" antimicrobials, such as certain β-lactams, aminoglycosides, and fosfomycin, are reviewed here. New antipseudomonals, as well as those in the pipeline, are also reviewed. Ceftolozane-tazobactam has clinical activity against a significant percentage of MDR/XDR
strains, and its microbiological and clinical data, as well as recommendations for improving its use against these bacteria, are described, as are those for ceftazidime-avibactam, which has better activity against MDR/XDR
, especially strains with certain specific mechanisms of resistance. A section is devoted to reviewing upcoming active drugs such as imipenem-relebactam, cefepime-zidebactam, cefiderocol, and murepavadin. Finally, other therapeutic strategies, such as use of vaccines, antibodies, bacteriocins, anti-quorum sensing, and bacteriophages, are described as future options.
Halophilic bacteria use a variety of osmoregulatory methods, such as the accumulation of one or more compatible solutes. The wide diversity of compounds that can act as compatible solute complicates ...the task of understanding the different strategies that halophilic bacteria use to cope with salt. This is specially challenging when attempting to go beyond the pathway that produces a certain compatible solute towards an understanding of how the metabolic network as a whole addresses the problem. Metabolic reconstruction based on genomic data together with Flux Balance Analysis (FBA) is a promising tool to gain insight into this problem. However, as more of these reconstructions become available, it becomes clear that processes predicted by genome annotation may not reflect the processes that are active in vivo. As a case in point, E. coli is unable to grow aerobically on citrate in spite of having all the necessary genes to do it. It has also been shown that the realization of this genetic potential into an actual capability to metabolize citrate is an extremely unlikely event under normal evolutionary conditions. Moreover, many marine bacteria seem to have the same pathways to metabolize glucose but each species uses a different one. In this work, a metabolic network inferred from genomic annotation of the halophilic bacterium Halomonas elongata and proteomic profiling experiments are used as a starting point to motivate targeted experiments in order to find out some of the defining features of the osmoregulatory strategies of this bacterium. This new information is then used to refine the network in order to describe the actual capabilities of H. elongata, rather than its genetic potential.
Forest conservation Kuemmerle, Tobias; Altrichter, Mariana; Baldi, Germán ...
Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science),
02/2017, Volume:
355, Issue:
6324
Journal Article
The protective effect of neutralizing antibodies in SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals is not yet well defined. To address this issue, we have analyzed the kinetics of neutralizing antibody responses ...and their association with disease severity. Between March and May 2020, the prospective KING study enrolled 72 COVID-19+ participants grouped according to disease severity. SARS-CoV-2 infection was diagnosed by serological and virological tests. Plasma neutralizing responses were assessed against replicative virus and pseudoviral particles. Multiple regression and non-parametric tests were used to analyze dependence of parameters. The magnitude of neutralizing titers significantly increased with disease severity. Hospitalized individuals developed higher titers compared to mild-symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals, which together showed titers below the detection limit in 50% of cases. Longitudinal analysis confirmed the strong differences in neutralizing titers between non-hospitalized and hospitalized participants and showed rapid kinetics of appearance of neutralizing antibodies (50% and 80% of maximal activity reached after 11 and 17 days after symptoms onset, respectively) in hospitalized patients. No significant impact of age, gender or treatment on the neutralizing titers was observed in this limited cohort. These data identify a clear association of humoral immunity with disease severity and point to immune mechanisms other than antibodies as relevant players in COVID-19 protection.
•Consistent evidence has linked air pollution and Alzheimer’s disease (AD).•We examined the association between air pollutants and AD biomarkers.•Air pollution was adversely associated with brain Aβ ...deposition and NfL biomarkers.•Most associations were driven by individuals that were Aβ-positive.•Our findings support air pollution as a modifiable environmental risk factor for AD.
Air quality contributes to incidence of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) although the underlying neurobiological mechanisms are unclear. This study was aimed to examine the association between air pollution and concentrations of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) AD biomarkers and amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition.
Participants and methods
The sample included 156 cognitively unimpaired adults aged 57 years (61 at biomarkers assessment) with increased risk of AD from the ALFA + Study. We examined CSF levels of Aβ42, Aβ40, p-Tau, t-Tau, neurofilament light (NfL) and cerebral amyloid load (Centiloid). A Land Use Regression model from 2009 was used to estimate residential exposure to air pollutants including nitrogen dioxide (NO2,) and particulate matter (PM2.5, PM2.5 abs, PM10). This model was considered a surrogate of long-term exposure until time of data collection in 2013–2014. Participants have resided in the same residence for at least the previous 3 years. Multiple linear regression models were used to estimate associations between air pollutants and biomarkers. The effect modification by CSF Aβ status and APOE-ε4 carriership was also assessed.
A consistent pattern of results indicated that greater exposure to NO2 and PM2.5 absorbance was associated with higher levels of brain Aβ deposition, while greater exposure to PM10 and PM2.5was associated with higher levels of CSF NfL. Most associations were driven by individuals that were Aβ-positive. Although APOE-ε4 status did not significantly modify these associations, the effect of air pollutants exposure on CSF NfL levels was stronger in APOE-ε4 carriers.
In a population of cognitively unimpaired adults with increased risk of AD, long-term exposure to air pollution was associated with higher levels in biomarkers of AD pathology. While further research is granted to elucidate the mechanisms involved in such associations, our results reinforce the role of air pollution as an environmental risk factor for AD.
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