The objective of this study was to critically review the empirical evidence from all relevant disciplines regarding obesity stigma in order to (i) determine the implications of obesity stigma for ...healthcare providers and their patients with obesity and (ii) identify strategies to improve care for patients with obesity. We conducted a search of Medline and PsychInfo for all peer‐reviewed papers presenting original empirical data relevant to stigma, bias, discrimination, prejudice and medical care. We then performed a narrative review of the existing empirical evidence regarding the impact of obesity stigma and weight bias for healthcare quality and outcomes. Many healthcare providers hold strong negative attitudes and stereotypes about people with obesity. There is considerable evidence that such attitudes influence person‐perceptions, judgment, interpersonal behaviour and decision‐making. These attitudes may impact the care they provide. Experiences of or expectations for poor treatment may cause stress and avoidance of care, mistrust of doctors and poor adherence among patients with obesity. Stigma can reduce the quality of care for patients with obesity despite the best intentions of healthcare providers to provide high‐quality care. There are several potential intervention strategies that may reduce the impact of obesity stigma on quality of care.
The composition of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) is broadly related to the tectonothermal age of the overlying crust, suggesting a secular change in SCLM-forming processes. Most ...estimated compositions of Archean SCLM, based on well-studied suites of xenoliths and xenocrysts, are depleted garnet lherzolites with high orthopyroxene/olivine. However, these compositions make it difficult to account for the high shear-wave velocities measured in the cores of large cratons, and predict deeper geoid anomalies and higher elevations than are observed in most cratons. Global and regional seismic tomography indicates that most cratonic xenolith suites represent material from the lower-velocity margins of lithospheric blocks. This implies that previous compositional estimates are strongly biased toward metasomatized material. We suggest that most Archean SCLM originally consisted of highly depleted dunites/harzburgites, similar to the Archean orogenic massifs of western Norway. Incorporation of such rocks in the cold upper parts of the cratonic SCLM satisfies the seismic and gravity data, suggesting that large volumes of these rocks are preserved in the cores of cratons, but are poorly sampled by volcanic rocks. The roots of most Proterozoic shields probably consist of refertilized Archean SCLM; the juvenile SCLM beneath Proterozoic and Phanerozoic mobile belts reflects only moderate depletion of Primitive Mantle compositions. Rather than a gradual evolution in SCLM-forming processes, we suggest a sharp dichotomy between Archean and younger tectonic regimes. The differences in buoyancy and viscosity between these two types of SCLM have played a major role in the construction, preservation and recycling of continental crust. If originally Archean SCLM is more widespread than currently recognized, models of crustal growth rates and recycling may need to be revised.
The issue of whether viruses are subject to restriction by endogenous microRNAs (miRNAs) and/or by virus-induced small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) in infected human somatic cells has been ...controversial. Here, we address this question in two ways. First, using deep sequencing, we demonstrate that infection of human cells by the RNA virus dengue virus (DENV) or West Nile virus (WNV) does not result in the production of any virus-derived siRNAs or viral miRNAs. Second, to more globally assess the potential of small regulatory RNAs to inhibit virus replication, we used gene editing to derive human cell lines that lack a functional Dicer enzyme and that therefore are unable to produce miRNAs or siRNAs. Infection of these cells with a wide range of viruses, including DENV, WNV, yellow fever virus, Sindbis virus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, measles virus, influenza A virus, reovirus, vesicular stomatitis virus, human immunodeficiency virus type 1, or herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), failed to reveal any enhancement in the replication of any of these viruses, although HSV-1, which encodes at least eight Dicer-dependent viral miRNAs, did replicate somewhat more slowly in the absence of Dicer. We conclude that most, and perhaps all, human viruses have evolved to be resistant to inhibition by endogenous human miRNAs during productive replication and that dependence on a cellular miRNA, as seen with hepatitis C virus, is rare. How viruses have evolved to avoid inhibition by endogenous cellular miRNAs, which are generally highly conserved during metazoan evolution, remains to be determined. Importance: Eukaryotic cells express a wide range of small regulatory RNAs, including miRNAs, that have the potential to inhibit the expression of mRNAs that show sequence complementarity. Indeed, previous work has suggested that endogenous miRNAs have the potential to inhibit viral gene expression and replication. Here, we demonstrate that the replication of a wide range of pathogenic viruses is not enhanced in human cells engineered to be unable to produce miRNAs, indicating that viruses have evolved to be resistant to inhibition by miRNAs. This result is important, as it implies that manipulation of miRNA levels is not likely to prove useful in inhibiting virus replication. It also focuses attention on the question of how viruses have evolved to resist inhibition by miRNAs and whether virus mutants that have lost this resistance might prove useful, for example, in the development of attenuated virus vaccines.
HELP: the Herschel Extragalactic Legacy Project Shirley, R; Duncan, K; Campos Varillas, M C ...
Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society,
10/2021, Volume:
507, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
ABSTRACT
We present the Herschel Extragalactic Legacy Project (HELP). This project collates, curates, homogenizes, and creates derived data products for most of the premium multiwavelength ...extragalactic data sets. The sky boundaries for the first data release cover 1270 deg2 defined by the Herschel SPIRE extragalactic survey fields; notably the Herschel Multi-tiered Extragalactic Survey (HerMES) and the Herschel Atlas survey (H-ATLAS). Here, we describe the motivation and principal elements in the design of the project. Guiding principles are transparent or ‘open’ methodologies with care for reproducibility and identification of provenance. A key element of the design focuses around the homogenization of calibration, meta data, and the provision of information required to define the selection of the data for statistical analysis. We apply probabilistic methods that extract information directly from the images at long wavelengths, exploiting the prior information available at shorter wavelengths and providing full posterior distributions rather than maximum-likelihood estimates and associated uncertainties as in traditional catalogues. With this project definition paper, we provide full access to the first data release of HELP; Data Release 1 (DR1), including a monolithic map of the largest SPIRE extragalactic field at 385 deg2 and 18 million measurements of PACS and SPIRE fluxes. We also provide tools to access and analyse the full HELP data base. This new data set includes far-infrared photometry, photometric redshifts, and derived physical properties estimated from modelling the spectral energy distributions over the full HELP sky. All the software and data presented is publicly available.
A worldwide database of over 13,800 integrated U–Pb and Hf-isotope analyses of zircon, derived largely from detrital sources, has been used to examine processes of crustal evolution on a global ...scale, and to test existing models for the growth of continental crust through time. In this study we introduce a new approach to quantitatively estimating the proportion of juvenile material added to the crust at any given time during its evolution. This estimate is then used to model the crustal growth rate over the 4.56
Ga of Earth's history. The modelling suggests that there was little episodicity in the production of new crust, as opposed to peaks in magmatic ages. The distribution of age-Hf isotope data from zircons worldwide implies that at least 60% of the existing continental crust separated from the mantle before 2.5
Ga. However, taking into consideration new evidence coming from geophysical data, the formation of most continental crust early in Earth's history (at least 70% before 2.5
Ga) is even more probable. Thus, crustal reworking has dominated over net juvenile additions to the continental crust, at least since the end of the Archean. Moreover, the juvenile proportion of newly formed crust decreases stepwise through time: it is about 70% in the 4.0–2.2
Ga time interval, about 50% in the 1.8–0.6
Ga time interval, and possibly less than 50% after 0.6
Ga. These changes may be related to the formation of supercontinents.
► Zircon Hf-isotope data suggest that
≥
70% of continental crust formed before 2.5
Ga. ► The juvenile proportion of newly formed crust fluctuates between 30% and 80%. ► The juvenile proportion decreases stepwise through time. ► The changes at 2.2 and 0.6
Ga may be related the formation of supercontinents. ► Crustal reworking has dominated over net juvenile additions since the Archean.
The ozone (O3) dry depositional sink and its contribution to observed variability in tropospheric O3 are both poorly understood. Distinguishing O3 uptake through plant stomata versus other pathways ...is relevant for quantifying the O3 influence on carbon and water cycles. We use a decade of O3, carbon, and energy eddy covariance (EC) fluxes at Harvard Forest to investigate interannual variability (IAV) in O3 deposition velocities (
vd,O3). In each month, monthly mean
vd,O3 for the highest year is twice that for the lowest. Two independent stomatal conductance estimates, based on either water vapor EC or gross primary productivity, vary little from year to year relative to canopy conductance. We conclude that nonstomatal deposition controls the substantial observed IAV in summertime
vd,O3 during the 1990s over this deciduous forest. The absence of obvious relationships between meteorology and
vd,O3 implies a need for additional long‐term, high‐quality measurements and further investigation of nonstomatal mechanisms.
Key Points
Observed factor of 2 in interannual variability (IAV) of ozone dry deposition velocities, dominated by nonstomatal processes
Stomatal conductance estimates from two observation‐driven independent models show similar but weak IAV
High‐quality, long‐term measurements needed to identify processes driving IAV in ozone dry deposition
A xenolith of bimineralic eclogite from the Udachnaya kimberlite pipe provides a snapshot of interaction between mantle rocks and diamond-forming fluids/melts. The major-element composition of the ...eclogite is similar to that of N-MORB and/or oceanic gabbros, but its trace-element pattern shows the effects of mantle metasomatism, which resulted in diamond formation. The diamonds are clustered in alteration veins that crosscut primary garnet and clinopyroxene. The diamonds contain microinclusions of a fluid/melt dominated by carbonate and KCl. Compared to the worldwide dataset, the microinclusions in these diamonds fall in middle of the range between saline fluids and low-Mg carbonatitic melts. The fluid/melt acted as a metasomatic agent that percolated through ancient eclogitic rocks stored in the mantle. This interaction is consistent with calculated partition coefficients between the rock-forming minerals and diamond-forming fluid/melt, which are similar to experimentally-determined values. Some differences between the calculated and experimental values may be due to the low contents of water and silicates in the chloride-carbonate melt observed in this study, and in particular its high contents of K and LILE. The lack of nitrogen aggregation in the diamonds implies that the diamond-forming metasomatism took place shortly before the eruption of the kimberlite, and that the microinclusions thus represent saline carbonate-rich fluids circulating in the basement of lithospheric mantle (150–170 km depth).
We integrate an updated worldwide compilation of U/Pb, Hf-isotope and trace-element data on zircon, and Re–Os model ages on sulfides and alloys in mantle-derived rocks and xenocrysts, to examine ...patterns of crustal evolution and crust–mantle interaction from 4.5Ga to 2.4Ga ago. The data suggest that during the period from 4.5Ga to ca 3.4Ga, Earth's crust was essentially stagnant and dominantly mafic in composition. Zircon crystallized mainly from intermediate melts, probably generated both by magmatic differentiation and by impact melting. This quiescent state was broken by pulses of juvenile magmatic activity at ca 4.2Ga, 3.8Ga and 3.3–3.4Ga, which may represent mantle overturns or plume episodes. Between these pulses, there is evidence of reworking and resetting of U–Pb ages (by impact?) but no further generation of new juvenile crust. There is no evidence of plate-tectonic activity, as described for the Phanerozoic Earth, before ca 3.4Ga, and previous modelling studies indicate that the early Earth may have been characterised by an episodic-overturn, or even stagnant-lid, regime. New thermodynamic modelling confirms that an initially hot Earth could have a stagnant lid for ca 300Ma, and then would experience a series of massive overturns at intervals on the order of 150Ma until the end of the EoArchean. The subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) sampled on Earth today did not exist before ca 3.5Ga. A lull in crustal production around 3.0Ga coincides with the rapid buildup of a highly depleted, buoyant SCLM, which peaked around 2.7–2.8Ga; this pattern is consistent with one or more major mantle overturns. The generation of continental crust peaked later in two main pulses at ca 2.75Ga and 2.5Ga; the latter episode was larger and had a greater juvenile component. The age/Hf-isotope patterns of the crust generated from 3.0 to 2.4Ga are similar to those in the internal orogens of the Gondwana supercontinent, and imply the existence of plate tectonics related to the assembly of the Kenorland (ca 2.5Ga) supercontinent. There is a clear link in these data between the generation of the SCLM and the emergence of modern plate tectonics; we consider this link to be causal, as well as temporal. The production of both crust and SCLM declined toward a marked low point by ca 2.4Ga. The data naturally divide the Archean into three periods: PaleoArchean (4.0–3.6Ga), MesoArchean (3.6–3.0Ga) and NeoArchean (3.0–2.4Ga); we suggest that this scheme could usefully replace the current four-fold division of the Archean.
•The Hadean–EoArchean zircon record reflects three major crustal-generation events.•Hadean–Archean tectonics dominated by mantle overturns at 150–300Ma intervals.•The SCLM formed between 3.2 and 2.8Ga by high-degree melting in mantle overturns.•The Archean–Hadean can be reduced to four periods, reflecting major tectonic events.
Large peridotite massifs are scattered along the 1500km length of the Yarlung-Zangbo Suture Zone (southern Tibet, China), the major suture between Asia and Greater India. Diamonds occur in the ...peridotites and chromitites of several massifs, together with an extensive suite of trace phases that indicate extremely low fO sub(2) (SiC, nitrides, carbides, native elements) and/or ultrahigh pressures (UHP) (diamond, TiO sub(2) II, coesite, possible stishovite). New physical and isotopic (C, N) studies of the diamonds indicate that they are natural, crystallized in a disequilibrium, high-T environment, and spent only a short time at mantle temperatures before exhumation and cooling. These constraints are difficult to reconcile with previous models for the history of the diamond-bearing rocks. Possible evidence for metamorphism in or near the upper part of the Transition Zone includes the following: (1) chromite (in disseminated, nodular and massive chromitites) containing exsolved pyroxenes and coesite, suggesting inversion from a high-P polymorph of chromite; (2) microstructural studies suggesting that the chromitites recrystallized from fine-grained, highly deformed mixtures of wadsleyite and an octahedral polymorph of chromite; (3) a new cubic Mg-silicate, with the space group of ringwoodite but an inverse-spinel structure (all Si in octahedral coordination); (4) harzburgites with coarsely vermicular symplectites of opx + Cr-Al spinel plus or minus cpx; reconstructions suggest that these are the breakdown products of majoritic garnets, with estimated minimum pressures to>13GPa. Evidence for a shallow pre-metamorphic origin for the chromitites and peridotites includes the following: (1) trace-element data showing that the chromitites are typical of suprasubduction-zone (SSZ) chromitites formed by magma mixing or mingling, consistent with Hf-isotope data from magmatic (375Ma) zircons in the chromitites; (2) the composition of the new cubic Mg-silicate, which suggests a low-P origin as antigorite, subsequently dehydrated; (3) the peridotites themselves, which carry the trace element signature of metasomatism in an SSZ environment, a signature that must have been imposed before the incorporation of the UHP and low-fO sub(2) phases. A proposed P-T-t path involves the original formation of chromitites in mantle-wedge harzburgites, subduction of these harzburgites at c. 375Ma, residence in the upper Transition Zone for >200 Myr, and rapid exhumation at c. 170-150Ma or 130-120Ma. Os-isotope data suggest that the subducted mantle consisted of previously depleted subcontinental lithosphere, dragged down by a subducting oceanic slab. Thermomechanical modeling shows that roll-back of a (much later) subducting slab would produce a high-velocity channelized upwelling that could exhume the buoyant harzburgites (and their chromitites) from the Transition Zone in<10 Myr. This rapid upwelling, which may explain some characteristics of the diamonds, appears to have brought some massifs to the surface in forearc or back-arc basins, where they provided a basement for oceanic crust. This model can reconcile many apparently contradictory petrological and geological datasets. It also defines an important, previously unrecognized geodynamic process that may have operated along other large suture zones such as the Urals.
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