Early diagnosis of perinatally transmitted human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) infection can guide early interventions. HIV coculture and DNA polymerase chain reaction (DNA-PCR) detect few ...HIV-infected infants at birth and 90%–100% by age 3 months. Because extracellular HIV RNA may appear soon after infection, a plasma HIV RNA assay was compared with DNAPCR for early detection of perinatally infected infants. Blood-draw specimens (108) obtained at the same time from 49 HIV-infected infants and 10 specimens from 8 uninfected infants were tested. HIV RNA and DNA-PCR positivity rates were 56% and 33%, respectively, in 36 specimens from 36 infants <28 days of age (binomial test, P = .001). Among 81 specimens obtained after age 14 days, 79 (98%) were positive by HIV RNA testing. No HIV-infected infant specimens were DNAPCR-positive and HIV RNA-negative. All specimens from 8 uninfected infants were HIV RNA-negative. These results suggest that plasma HIV RNA was detectable earlier and more reliably than HIV DNA in perinatal infection.
Die INPHARMA‐Methode (internuclear NOEs for pharmacophore mapping) liefert die Struktur von Rezeptor‐Ligand‐Komplexen für niederaffine Leitverbindungen, die in frühen Stadien der Wirkstoffsuche ...identifiziert wurden. Der relative und (in günstigen Fällen) absolute Bindungsmodus von Paaren kompetitiver niederaffiner Liganden kann mit INPHARMA für ein System aus Proteinkinase A (T im Schema) und zwei Inhibitoren bekannter Struktur (LA und LB) identifiziert werden.
The Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) estimates of gross domestic product (GDP) are among the most widely scrutinized indicators of US economic activity. The goal of this article is to explain the ...relationship between the first three quarterly GDP estimates and the source data that each of these estimates incorporates. It also illustrates that the differences between the quarterly GDP estimates and the first annual revision estimate, which incorporates higher quality source data, are relatively small. Many of the quarterly estimates in the first annual revision are based on source data that cover a full year and are then either interpolated or extrapolated using source data that cover either months or quarters. The second and third annual revision estimates incorporate more new or revised annual source data as well as some further revised monthly and quarterly data. The revisions from the current quarterly estimates to the latest estimates, which are considered the most accurate, are similar to the revisions from the three annual estimates to the latest estimates.
One of the most frequent critiques of the HDI is that it does not take into account inequality within countries in its three dimensions. In this paper, we apply a simple approach to compute the three ...components and the overall HDI for quintiles of the income distribution. This allows comparison of the level in human development of the poor with the level of the non-poor within countries, but also across countries. This is an application of the method presented in Grimm et al. (2008) to a sample of 21 low and middle income countries and 11 industrialized countries. In particular the inclusion of the industrialized countries, which were not included in the previous work, implies to deal with a number of additional challenges, which we outline in this paper. Our results show that inequality in human development within countries is high, both in developed and industrialized countries. In fact, the HDI of the lowest quintiles in industrialized countries is often below the HDI of the richest quintile in many middle income countries. We also find, however, a strong overall negative correlation between the level of human development and inequality in human development.
One of the most frequent critiques of the HDI is that it does not take into account inequality within countries in its three dimensions. We use a simple approach, which allows to compute the three ...components and the overall HDI for quintiles of the income distribution. This allows to compare the level in human development of the poor with the level of the non-poor within countries, but also across countries. This is an application of the method presented in Grimm et al. (2008) to a sample of 21 low and middle income countries and 11 industrialized countries. Our results show that inequality in human development within countries is high both in developed and industrialized countries. In fact, the HDI of the lowest quintiles in industrialized countries is often below the HDI of the richest quintile in many middle income countries. We also find, however, a strong overall negative correlation between the level of human development and inequality in human development.
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