Caffeic acid (3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid) is among the major hydroxycinnamic acids present in wine; sinapic acid, which is a potent antioxidant. It has also been identified as one of the active ...antioxidant. In the present study, the antioxidant properties of the caffeic acid were evaluated by using different in vitro antioxidant assays such as 2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl free radical (DPPH
) scavenging, total antioxidant activity by ferric thiocyanate method, total reductive capability using the potassium ferricyanide reduction method, superoxide anion radical scavenging and metal chelating activities. α-Tocopherol, trolox, a water-soluble analogue of tocopherol, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) were used as the reference antioxidant compounds. At the concentrations of 10 and 30
μg/mL, caffeic acid showed 68.2 and 75.8% inhibition on lipid peroxidation of linoleic acid emulsion, respectively. On the other hand, 20
μg/mL of standard antioxidant such as BHA, BHT, α-tocopherol and trolox indicated an inhibition of 74.4, 71.2, 54.7 and 20.1% on peroxidation of linoleic acid emulsion, respectively. In addition, caffeic acid is an effective ABTS
+ scavenging, DPPH
scavenging, superoxide anion radical scavenging, total reducing power and metal chelating on ferrous ions activities.
Streptococcus mutans is important in dental caries. Although the role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of dental caries is not clear, components of S. mutans were found to stimulate production of ...pro-inflammatory cytokines. We examined the associations of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), and IL-10 with dental caries. Unstimulated whole saliva and blood samples were obtained from 108 children aged 6-12 years with high caries (decayed, missing, or filled teeth dmft/DMFT index >4, n = 37), moderate caries (dmft/DMFT = 1-4, n = 37), or caries-free (dmft/DMFT = 0, n = 34). S. mutans level was classified as low (<105 colony-forming units CFU/mL) or high (≥105 CFU/mL). Saliva and serum concentrations of IL-1β, IL-1ra, and IL-10 were determined by ELISA. IL-1β, IL-1ra, and IL-10 gene polymorphisms were genotyped using PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. The chi-square, Mann-Whitney U, one-way ANOVA, posthoc, Fisher’s exact, and t tests were used in statistical analysis. Dental caries was not correlated with salivary or serum concentrations of the studied cytokines. S. mutans level positively correlated with saliva IL-1β concentration and inversely correlated with saliva IL-1ra concentration. There was no correlation of IL-1β, IL-1ra, or IL-10 gene polymorphisms with dental caries. S. mutans is important in stimulating saliva IL-1β and inhibiting IL-1ra. Future studies of associations between cytokines and dental caries should investigate additional cytokines and enroll a larger number of participants. (J Oral Sci 57, 31-36, 2015)
Phenolic compounds are interesting because of their antioxidant properties. In the present study, the antioxidant properties of L-tyrosine as a monophenolic and L-Dopa as a diphenolic amino acid were ...investigated by using different antioxidant assays: (i) 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl free radical (DPPHround bullet, filled) scavenging; (ii) 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical cation decolorization assay; (iii) total antioxidant activity by ferric thiocyanate method; (iv) ferric ions (Fe³⁺) reducing power; (v) superoxide anion radical (O₂ round bullet, filled-) scavenging; (vi) hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) scavenging, and (vii) ferrous ions (Fe²⁺) chelating activities. Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), α-tocopherol and trolox, a water-soluble analogue of tocopherol, were used as the reference antioxidant compounds. At the same concentration (20 μg/mL), L-tyrosine and L-Dopa showed 30.6 and 67.9% inhibition of lipid peroxidation of linoleic acid emulsion, respectively. On the other hand, BHA, BHT, α-tocopherol and trolox indicated inhibitions of 74.4, 71.2, 54.7 and 20.1% on the peroxidation of linoleic acid emulsion, respectively, at the above-mentioned concentration. In addition, L-tyrosine and L-Dopa had an effect on DPPH radical scavenging, ABTS radical scavenging, superoxide anion radical scavenging, H₂O₂ scavenging, total ferric ions reducing power and metal chelating on ferrous ions activities.
Water and ethanol crude extracts from black pepper (Piper nigrum) were investigated for their antioxidant and radical scavenging activities in six different assay, namely, total antioxidant activity, ...reducing power, 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging, superoxide anion radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, and metal chelating activities. Both water extract (WEBP) and ethanol extract (EEBP) of black pepper exhibited strong total antioxidant activity. The 75 µg/ml concentration of WEBP and EEBP showed 95.5% and 93.3% inhibition on peroxidation of linoleic acid emulsion, respectively. On the other hand, at the same concentration, standard antioxidants such as butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and -tocopherol exhibited 92.1%, 95.0%, and 70.4% inhibition on peroxidation of linoleic acid emulsion, respectively. Also, total phenolic content in both WEBP and EEBP were determined as gallic acid equivalents. The total phenolics content of water and ethanol extracts were determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu procedure and 54.3 and 42.8 µg gallic acid equivalent of phenols was detected in 1 mg WEBP and EEBP.
Leontice smirnowii is a member of the Berberidaceae family. In the current study we investigated the possible antiradical and antioxidant activity of the monodesmosides (MLS) and crude extract (CELS) ...of
Leontice smirnowii using different antioxidant tests: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging, scavenging of superoxide anion radical-generated non-enzymatic system, ferric thiocyanate (FTC) method, reducing power, hydrogen peroxide scavenging and metal chelating activities. Experiment revealed that MLS and CELS have an antioxidant effect concentration-dependently. Total antioxidant activity was performed according to FTC method. At the 30
μg/ml concentration, the inhibition effects of MLS and CELS on peroxidation of linoleic acid emulsion were found to be 95.3% and 95.6%, respectively. On the other hand, percentage inhibition of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT),
α-tocopherol and trolox were found to be 98.2%, 98.5%, 84.0% and 87.9% inhibition of peroxidation of linoleic acid emulsion, respectively, at the same concentration. In addition, MLS and CELS had effective DPPH radical scavenging, superoxide anion radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, reducing power and metal chelating activities. Also, these various antioxidant activities were compared with BHA, BHT,
α-tocopherol and trolox which were accepted as references antioxidants.
In this work, a database containing the solubility data for water in 16,137 ionic liquids (ILs), which were formed by a combination of the most commonly used 163 cations (in nine groups) and 99 ...anions, were analyzed using machine learning. The water solubility in ILs was computed by COnductor-like Screening MOdel for Realistic Solvents (COSMO-RS) while the molecular descriptors for the individual cations and anions were determined by semi-empirical PM3 method. Association rule mining, decision tree and multilayer fully connected neural network (a deep learning model) were employed as machine learning techniques. The association rule mining analysis clearly identified the descriptors leading to low water solubility in ILs, while the decision tree analysis provided heuristic rules for the selection of cations and anions to form ILs with low water capacity. The prediction accuracy of fully connected neural network model was also high; even the model constructed from a small fraction of data was successful to predict the water solubility in other ILs in the dataset indicating that the anionic and cationic descriptors used were sufficient to represent the performance of ILs. The classification ability of decision trees was verified by the experimental water solubility data for 49 ILs extracted from 13 published papers in literature; the decision tree model correctly classified the experimental solubility of 46 of these ILs. The deep learning predictions of solubility were also in agreement with the experimental data within the accuracy level of COSMO-RS calculations. It was generally found that the anionic descriptors were more influential to predict the water capacity of ILs, while the cationic descriptors made limited contribution.
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•Water solubility in 16,137 ILs formed by 163 cations and 99 anions were analyzed.•IL properties and solubility were determined using PM3 and COSMO-RS respectively.•Association rule mining was used to identify properties leading low water solubility.•Decision tree analysis provided heuristic rules for cation and anion pair.•Deep learning) was used to predict the water solubility in ILs.
The antioxidant activity of water and ethanol extracts of clove (
Eugenia carophyllata) buds and lavender (
Lavandula stoechas L.) was studied. The antioxidant properties of both extracts of clove ...and lavender were evaluated using different antioxidant tests; reductive potential, free radical scavenging, superoxide anion radical scavenging and metal chelating activities. The both extracts of clove and lavender exhibited strong total antioxidant activity. At the concentrations of 20, 40, and 60 μg/ml, water extract of clove and lavender showed 93.3%, 95.5%, 97.9%, 86.9%, 92.3%, and 94.8% inhibition on lipid peroxidation of linoleic acid emulsion, respectively. At the same concentrations, ethanol extract of clove and lavender exhibited 94.9%, 95.5%, 98.2%, 92.5%, 93.8%, and 96.5%, respectively. Comparable, 60 μg/ml of standard antioxidant such as butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and α-tocopherol exhibited 96.5%, 99.2%, and 61.1% inhibition on peroxidation of linoleic acid emulsion, respectively. The both extracts of clove and lavender had effective reductive potential, free radical scavenging, superoxide anion radical scavenging, and metal chelating activities at all tested concentrations (20, 40, and 60 μg/ml). Those various antioxidant activities were compared to standard antioxidants such as BHA, BHT, and α-tocopherol. In addition, total phenolic compounds in the both extracts of clove and lavender were determined as gallic acid equivalent.
The Achillea genus belongs to the Asteraceae family, which is mostly found in the northern hemisphere and is comprised of 115 species in the world. In Turkish flora, there are 52 species and 58 taxa, ...among them half of which are recorded as endemic. To the best of our knowledge, there has been no biological activity studied in this species until now, with the exception of one study of the antimicrobial activity of certain essential oils. This study focused primarily on the determination of antioxidant, antimicrobial, and enzyme-inhibition activity of aqueous ethanol extract of Turkish endemic Achillea cucullata by in vitro methods. The extract exhibited DPPH radical scavenging activity with an IC50 value of 132.55±0.026μg/mL, the total phenol content was 53.807±0.059 (mgGAE/g), and the total flavonoid content was 21.372±0.026 (mgQE/g), on the dry-weight basis. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by a micro-dilution method focused on five microorganisms; two Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213) and Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212), two Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), and one fungal strain Candida albicans (ATCC 10231). Results show that the MIC value for the tested microorganism was higher than 5mg/mL. In this work, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and α-glucosidase enzymes were strongly inhibited by the A. cucullata extract, and the IC50 values for these enzymes were 2.4μg/mL, 0.26μg/mL, and 24.75μg/mL, respectively. Certain acetylcholinesterase inhibitors have been used for treatment of Alzheimer's disease in the past. α-Glucosidase inhibitors are strong drug candidates, as well as potential functional food agents, for deferring the postprandial absorbency of glucose.
•Ethanol extract was prepared from endemic plant - Achillea cucullata•In vitro antioxidant was evaluated by DPPH, TPC and TFC assay•Antimicrobial activity was determined by microdilution method against five microorganisms•Acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, α-glucosidase enzymes were impressively inhibited by the A. cucullata ethanol extract
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