With the prosperity of wireless networks, vehicular networks (VNs) have been extensively studied in recent years. It is deployed to ensure road safety, enhance the driving experience, and reduce ...traffic congestion. However, VNs are vulnerable to various attacks, especially Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) that attackers control a large number of compromise nodes inside the networks to occupy the network resources of legitimate users and impact the communication among vehicles and between vehicles and infrastructure. In this paper, we design a platform to efficiently detect and rapidly respond to the DDoS attack in VNs based on software-defined networking (SDN). The proposed platform not only contains the trigger mechanism based on the message of OpenFlow protocol (i.e., PACKET_IN message) for a response not timely but also involves a flow feature extraction strategy based on the multi-dimensional information. Moreover, we construct an effective global network flow table feature values based on OpenFlow flow table feature and the entropy feature of flow table entry. We determine all flow table entry by the trained SVM. By analyzing the simulation results, we verify that the detection scheme effectively reduces the time for starting attack detection and classification recognition and has a lower false alarm rate.
Abstract
The frozen section (FS) diagnoses of pathology experts are used in China to determine whether sentinel lymph nodes of breast cancer have metastasis during operation. Direct implementation of ...a deep neural network (DNN) in clinical practice may be hindered by misdiagnosis of the algorithm, which affects a patient's treatment decision. In this study, we first obtained the prediction result of the commonly used patch-DNN, then we present a relative risk classification and regression tree (RRCART) to identify the misdiagnosed whole-slide images (WSIs) and recommend them to be reviewed by pathologists. Applying this framework to 2362 WSIs of breast cancer lymph node metastasis, test on frozen section results in the mean area under the curve (AUC) reached 0.9851. However, the mean misdiagnosis rate (0.0248), was significantly higher than the pathologists’ misdiagnosis rate (
p
< 0.01). The RRCART distinguished more than 80% of the WSIs as a high-accuracy group with an average accuracy reached to 0.995, but the difference with the pathologists’ performance was not significant (
p
> 0.01). However, the other low-accuracy group included most of the misdiagnoses of DNN models. Our research shows that the misdiagnosis from deep learning model can be further enriched by our method, and that the low-accuracy WSIs must be selected for pathologists to review and the high-accuracy ones may be ready for pathologists to give diagnostic reports.
Visible light (VL) plays an important role in achieving high-precision positioning and low bit error radio (BER) data communication. However, most VL-based systems can not achieve positioning and ...communication, simultaneously. There are two problems: 1) the hybrid systems are difficult to extract distinguishable positioning beacon features without affecting communication performance, 2) in the hybrid systems, the lost data bits in the inter-frame gap (IFG) are hard to recover, which affects positioning and communication performance. Therefore, in this article, we propose a novel VL-based hybrid positioning and communication system, named HY-PC system, to solve the above problems. First, we propose the robust T-W mapping for recognizing specific Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs), which can provide stable LED recognition accuracy without adding extra beacon data and does not decrease the communication rate. Furthermore, we also propose the novel linear block coding and bit interleaving mechanism, which can recover the lost data bits in the IFG and improve data communication performance. Finally, we use commercial off-the-shelf devices to implement our HY-PC system, extensive experimental results show that our HY-PC system can achieve consistent high-precision positioning and low-BER data communication, simultaneously.
To evaluate the quantitative characteristics of choroidal thickness in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), normal tension glaucoma (NTG) and in normal eyes using spectral-domain optical coherence ...tomography (SD-OCT). To evaluate the diagnostic ability of choroidal thickness in glaucoma and to determine the correlation between choroidal thickness and visual field parameters in glaucoma.
A total of 116 subjects including 40 POAG, 30 NTG and 46 healthy subjects were enrolled in this study. Choroidal thickness measurements were acquired in the macular and peripapillary regions using SD-OCT. All subjects underwent white-on-white (W/W) and blue-on-yellow (B/Y) visual field tests using Humphrey Field Analyzer. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and the area under curve (AUC) were generated to assess the discriminating power of choroidal thickness for glaucoma. Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated to assess the structure function correlation for glaucoma patients.
No significant differences were observed for macular choroidal thickness among the different groups (all P > 0.05). Regarding the peripapillary choroidal thickness (PPCT), significant differences were observed among the three groups (all P < 0.05). Post hoc tests for multiple comparisons revealed a significant difference in the NTG-normal comparison group (all P < 0.01). The inferior and temporal PPCT in POAG patients were significantly thinner than those in normal subjects (P = 0.007, P = 0.002, respectively). Different parameters of PPCT showed significantly low diagnostic values to detect POAG from normal subjects (AUC: 0.555 to 0.652) and to discriminate NTG from POAG (AUC: 0.462 to 0.702), but moderate diagnostic power to detect NTG from normal subjects (AUC: 0.708 to 0.771). Regarding the diagnosis of early glaucoma, different parameters of PPCT showed relatively low diagnostic power (AUC: 0.606 to 0.698). In all the glaucoma subjects, PPCT was not significantly correlated with W/W mean deviation (MD) (all P > 0.05), but showed significant correlations with B/Y MD (all P < 0.05). In the early glaucomatous eyes, PPCT showed significant correlations with W/W MD and B/Y MD (all P < 0.05).
In our study, peripapillary choroidal thickness measured on OCT showed a low to moderate but statistically significant diagnostic power and a significant correlation with blue-on-yellow visual field indices in glaucoma. This may indicate a potential adjunct for peripapillary choroidal thickness in glaucoma diagnosis.
Several glaciers in the Bukatage Massif are surge-type. However, previous studies in this region focused on glacier area and length changes, and more information is needed to support the deep ...analysis of glacier surge. We determined changes in glacier thickness, motion, and surface features in this region based on TanDEM-X, ALOS/PRISM, Sentinel-1A, and Landsat images. Our results indicated that the recent surge of the Monomah Glacier, the largest glacier in the Bukatage Massif, started in early 2009 and ceased in late 2016. From 2009 to 2016, its area and length respectively increased by 6.27 km2 and 1.45 km, and its ice tongue experienced three periods of changes: side broadening (2009–2010), rapid advancing (2010–2013), and slow expansion (2013–2016). During 2000–2012, its accumulation zone was thinned by 50 m, while its ice tongue was thickened by 90 m. During 2015–2017, its flow velocity reduced from 1.2 to 0.25 m/d, and the summer velocities were much higher than winter velocities. We conclude that the recent Monomah Glacier surge is thermal-controlled. The subglacial temperature rose to the pressure-melting point because of substantial mass accumulation, and then the increased basal meltwater caused the surge.
Plant HSP20s are not only synthesized in response to heat stress but are also involved in plant biotic and abiotic stress resistance, normal metabolism, development, differentiation, survival, ...ripening, and death. Thus, HSP20 family genes play very important and diverse roles in plants. To our knowledge, HSP20 family genes in peach have not yet been characterized in detail, and little is known about their possible function in the development of red flesh in peach.
In total, 44 PpHSP20 members were identified in the peach genome in this study. Forty-four PpHSP20s were classified into 10 subfamilies, CI, CII, CIII, CV, CVI, CVII, MII, CP, ER, and Po, containing 18, 2, 2, 10, 5, 1, 1, 2, 1, and 2 proteins, respectively. Among the 44 PpHSP20 genes, 6, 4, 4, 3, 7, 11, 5, and 4 PpHSP20 genes were located on chromosomes 1 to 8, respectively. In particular, approximately 15 PpHSP20 genes were located at both termini or one terminus of each chromosome. A total of 15 tandem PpHSP20 genes were found in the peach genome, which belonged to five tandemly duplicated groups. Overall, among the three cultivars, the number of PpHSP20 genes with higher expression levels in red flesh was greater than that in yellow or white flesh. The expression profiling for most of the PpHSP20 genes in the red-fleshed 'BJ' was higher overall at the S3 stage than at the S2, S4-1, and S4-2 stages, with the S3 stage being a very important period of transformation from a white color to the gradual anthocyanin accumulation in the flesh of this cultivar. The subcellular localizations of 16 out of 19 selected PpHSP20 proteins were in accordance with the corresponding subfamily classification and naming. Additionally, to our knowledge, Prupe.3G034800.1 is the first HSP20 found in plants that has the dual targets of both the endoplasmic reticulum and nucleus.
This study provides a comprehensive understanding of PpHSP20s, lays a foundation for future analyses of the unknown function of PpHSP20 family genes in red-fleshed peach fruit and advances our understanding of plant HSP20 genes.
There are three members of the endogenous gas transmitter family. The first two are nitric oxide and carbon monoxide, and the third newly added member is hydrogen sulfide (H
2
S). They all have ...similar functions: relaxing blood vessels, smoothing muscles, and getting involved in the regulation of neuronal excitation, learning, and memory. The cystathionine
β
-synthase (CBS), 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfur transferase acts together with cysteine aminotransferase (3-MST/CAT), cystathionine
γ
-lyase (CSE), and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfur transferase with D-amino acid oxidase (3-MST/DAO) pathways are involved in the enzymatic production of H
2
S. More and more researches focus on the role of H
2
S in the central nervous system (CNS), and H
2
S plays a significant function in neuroprotection processes, regulating the function of the nervous system as a signaling molecule in the CNS. Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and protein misfolding in its mechanism are related to neurodegenerative diseases. H
2
S exhibits a wide variety of cytoprotective and physiological functions in the CNS degenerative diseases by regulating ERS. This review summarized on the neuroprotective effect of H
2
S for ERS played in several CNS diseases including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and depression disorder, and discussed the corresponding possible signaling pathways or mechanisms as well.
Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), as the most common histological subtype of lung cancer, is a high-grade malignancy and a leading cause of cancer-related death globally. Identification of biomarkers with ...prognostic value is of great significance for the diagnosis and treatment of LUAD. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein C (HNRNPC) is an RNA-binding protein "reader" of N6-methyladenosine (m
A) methylation, and is related to the progression of various cancers; however, its role in LUAD is unclear. The aims of this study aims were to study the expression and prognostic value of HNRNPC in LUAD.
The Oncomine database and gene expression profiling interactive analysis (GEPIA) were used for preliminary exploration of HNRNPC expression and prognostic value in LUAD. LUAD cases from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) (n = 416) and the Kaplan-Meier plotter database (n = 720) were extracted to study the differential expression and prognostic value of HNRNPC. HNRNPC expression in the National Cancer Center of China (NCC) cohort was analyzed by immunohistochemical staining, and the relationship between HNRNPC expression and survival rate evaluated using the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were used to identify independent prognostic factors. Several pathways that were significantly enriched in the HNRNPC high expression group were identified by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA).
Five data sets from the Oncomine and GEPIA databases all supported that HNRNPC expression is significantly higher in LUAD than in normal lung tissue. In TCGA cohort, HNRNPC was highly expressed in LUAD tissues and significantly related to age, sex, smoking history, ethnicity, lymph node metastasis, and TNM staging (
< 0.001). High HNRNPC expression was significantly correlated with poor prognosis in the three cohorts (NCC, TCGA, and K-M plotter) (
< 0.05). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that HNRNPC expression was an independent prognostic factor in both TCGA and NCC cohorts (
< 0.05). Further, 10 significantly enriched pathways were identified from TCGA data and 118 lung cancer cell lines in CCLE, respectively.
High HNRNPC expression is significantly related to poor overall survival in patients with LUAD, suggesting that HNRNPC may be a cancer-promoting factor and a potential prognostic biomarker in LUAD.
Electrical discharge machining (EDM) has been widely used in the machining of mechanical parts. However, the parts obtained by EDM have recast layers and micro-cracks on their surface, which ...seriously affect their mechanical properties. In order to remove the recast layers and micro-cracks resulted from EDM, this paper proposed to combine micro-EDM with negative polarity micro-EDM. First, the mechanical part was machined using conventional EDM, after which the surface of the part had a distinct recast layer and micro-cracks. As the conventional EDM was nearing completion, the power supply was replaced by a micro-EDM power supply and then the part was processed by micro-EDM to reduce the thickness of the recast layer. After micro-EDM, the part was processed by negative polarity micro-EDM, which can remove the recast layer and the micro-cracks on the surface of the part. Conventional EDM was performed on 304 stainless steel using a copper electrode with voltage of 250 V, pulse width of 7 ms, and pulse interval of 5 ms. The experimental results showed that the recast layer and micro-cracks on the surface of the part were obvious and the surface quality of the part was poor. After that, the same part was sequentially subjected to micro-EDM and negative polarity micro-EDM with voltage of 110 V, pulse width of 0.5 μs, and pulse interval of 15 μs. The experimental results showed that the recast layer and micro-cracks on the surface of the part were almost invisible and the surface quality of the part was greatly improved.
Schizosaccharomyces pombe Cap1 has been identified as the (adenylyl) cyclase-associated protein. Cap1 was able to bind Cap1 itself and actin. Cap1 localized at the growing tip, and this localization ...was dependent on the Cap1 P2 region. In a two-hybrid screening using cap1 as bait, we isolated csh3, which encodes a protein of 296 amino acids with an SH3 domain and a proline/glutamine-rich region. The binding of Csh3 and Cap1 was confirmed by in vivo pull down assays. Cooperative functions of Csh3 and Cap1 were observed. Deletion of both csh3 and cap1 resulted in heightened sensitivity to CaCl2, while disruption of either gene alone did not have any effect in this regard. In addition, over-expression of csh3 or cap1 alone did not affect cell growth, while over-expression of both genes resulted in growth retardation. Finally, while Csh3-GFP localized to the cytoplasm in wild-type cells, its localization was altered in cap1Δ cells, suggesting that the interaction between Csh3 and Cap1 controls the cellular localization of Csh3. These results demonstrate that Cap1 in Schizo. pombe is a multifunctional protein that functions through interaction with Cap1 itself and other proteins including adenylyl cyclase, actin and Csh3.
An SH3 protein in fission yeast
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