This paper summarises existing phase selection rules for cast high entropy alloys. Essentially, they are almost all based on the parametric approach, utilising various descriptors comprising mixing ...enthalpy, configuration entropy, mismatch entropy, melting points, atomic size mismatch, electronegativity and valence electron concentration. The overview starts from phase selection rules for solid solutions, intermetallic compounds and the amorphous phase in high entropy alloys. Further discussions are relevant to selection rules for solid solution phases in high entropy alloys, more specifically, for face centred cubic and body centred cubic type solid solutions. Finally, some challenges and future prospects of phase selection rules for high entropy alloys are addressed.
Wound healing, as a normal biological process in the human body, is achieved through four precisely and highly programmed phases: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. For a wound ...to heal successfully, all four phases must occur in the proper sequence and time frame. Many factors can interfere with one or more phases of this process, thus causing improper or impaired wound healing. This article reviews the recent literature on the most significant factors that affect cutaneous wound healing and the potential cellular and/or molecular mechanisms involved. The factors discussed include oxygenation, infection, age and sex hormones, stress, diabetes, obesity, medications, alcoholism, smoking, and nutrition. A better understanding of the influence of these factors on repair may lead to therapeutics that improve wound healing and resolve impaired wounds.
Cells can detect and react to the biophysical properties of the extracellular environment through integrin-based adhesion sites and adapt to the extracellular milieu in a process called ...mechanotransduction. At these adhesion sites, integrins connect the extracellular matrix (ECM) with the F-actin cytoskeleton and transduce mechanical forces generated by the actin retrograde flow and myosin II to the ECM through mechanosensitive focal adhesion proteins that are collectively termed the "molecular clutch." The transmission of forces across integrin-based adhesions establishes a mechanical reciprocity between the viscoelasticity of the ECM and the cellular tension. During mechanotransduction, force allosterically alters the functions of mechanosensitive proteins within adhesions to elicit biochemical signals that regulate both rapid responses in cellular mechanics and long-term changes in gene expression. Integrin-mediated mechanotransduction plays important roles in development and tissue homeostasis, and its dysregulation is often associated with diseases.
Composition of soybean proteins is briefly described. Gels and gelling processes of soybean proteins and other functionalities such as colloidal properties and emulsifying properties are described. ...The effects of temperature, pH, ionic strength, processing conditions such as high pressure, ultrasonic treatment, utilisation of enzyme, chemical modification are also described since they have been found useful to improve the processing and final product.
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•Factors influencing the gelation of soy protein are described.•Factors influencing emulsification using soy protein are described.•How to enhance the gelling or emulsification are described.•Examples of application are described.
Droplets provide a well-known transmission media in the COVID-19 epidemic, and the particle size is closely related to the classification of the transmission route. However, the term “aerosol” covers ...most particle sizes of suspended particulates because of information asymmetry in different disciplines, which may lead to misunderstandings in the selection of epidemic prevention and control strategies for the public. In this review, the time when these droplets are exhaled by a patient was taken as the initial time. Then, all available viral loads and numerical distribution of the exhaled droplets was analyzed, and the evaporation model of droplets in the air was combined with the deposition model of droplet nuclei in the respiratory tract. Lastly, the perspective that physical spread affects the transmission risk of different size droplets at different times was summarized for the first time. The results showed that although the distribution of exhaled droplets was dominated by small droplets, droplet volume was proportional to the third power of particle diameter, meaning that the viral load of a 100 μm droplet was approximately 106 times that of a 1 μm droplet at the initial time. Furthermore, the exhaled droplets are affected by heat and mass transfer of evaporation, water fraction, salt concentration, and acid-base balance (the water fraction > 98%), which lead them to change rapidly, and the viral survival condition also deteriorates dramatically. The time required for the initial diameter (do) of a droplet to shrink to the equilibrium diameter (de, about 30% of do) is approximately proportional to the second power of the particle diameter, taking only a few milliseconds for a 1 μm droplet but hundreds of milliseconds for a 10 μm droplet; in other words, the viruses carried by the large droplets can be preserved as much as possible. Finally, the infectious droplet nuclei maybe inhaled by the susceptible population through different and random contact routes, and the droplet nuclei with larger de decompose more easily into tiny particles on account of the accelerated collision in a complex airway, which can be deposited in the higher risk alveolar region. During disease transmission, the infectious droplet particle size varies widely, and the transmission risk varies significantly at different time nodes; therefore, the fuzzy term “aerosol” is not conducive to analyzing disease exposure risk. Recommendations for epidemic prevention and control strategies are: 1) Large droplets are the main conflict in disease transmission; thus, even if they are blocked by a homemade mask initially, it significantly contains the epidemic. 2) The early phase of contact, such as close-contact and short-range transmission, has the highest infection risk; therefore, social distancing can effectively keep the susceptible population from inhaling active viruses. 3) The risk of the fomite route depends on the time in contact with infectious viruses; thus, it is important to promote good health habits (including frequent hand washing, no-eye rubbing, coughing etiquette, normalization of surface cleaning), although blind and excessive disinfection measures are not advisable. 4) Compared with the large droplets, the small droplets have larger numbers but carry fewer viruses and are more prone to die through evaporation.
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•The transmission risk of infectious droplets under varying environments and times.•How the viral load, diameter, evaporation, and deposition are linked to infection risk.•The large droplets dominate initially.•The risk of small droplet nuclei (originally from large droplets) must also be taken seriously.
The effect of thermo-mechanical processing on the evolution of microstructure and mechanical properties was investigated in an AlCoCrFeNi2.1 high entropy alloy. For this purpose, the alloy was ...cold-rolled to 90% reduction in thickness and annealed at temperatures ranging from 800°C to 1200°C. The as-cast alloy revealed eutectic lamellar mixture of (Ni, Al) rich but Cr depleted B2 phase and Al-depleted L12 phases, having volume fractions of ~35% and 65%, respectively. Nanosized precipitates enriched in Cr and having disordered BCC structure were found dispersed inside the B2 phase. Cold-rolling resulted in progressive disordering of the L12 phase but the B2 phase maintained the ordered structure. The disordering of the L12 phase was accompanied by the evolution of ultrafine lamellar structure and profuse shear band formation. Annealing of the 90% cold-rolled material at 800°C resulted in the formation of a duplex microstructure composed of two different phases with equiaxed morphologies, having significant resistance to grain growth up to 1200°C. The annealed materials showed disordered FCC and precipitate-free B2 phases. This indicated that quenching of the annealed specimens to room temperature was sufficient to prevent the ordering of the L12 phase and the formation of the Cr-rich nano-precipitates which were dissolved in the B2 phase during annealing. Significant improvement in tensile properties compared to the as-cast alloy could be achieved by thermo-mechanical processing. All the specimens annealed at 800°C to 1200°C were having good tensile ductility over 10% as well as high tensile strength greater than 1000MPa. These indicated that the properties of the EHEA could be successfully tailored using thermo-mechanical processing for a wide range of engineering applications.
To better understand the corrosion behaviors of CoCrFeNi-based high-entropy alloys (HEAs), the CALculation of PHAse Diagrams (CALPHAD) method was used to simulate the Pourbaix diagrams for CoCrFeNi, ...CoCrFeNiCu and CoCrFeNiAl HEAs. Although the CALPHAD simulations were performed under equilibrium conditions, assisted by published experimental results on CoCrFeNi, CoCrFeNiCu and CoCrFeNiAl
0.5
HEAs, the CALPHAD simulations provide insights into the corrosion behaviors, such as the oxidation layer pitting and forming potential, of the CoCrFeNi-based HEAs.
Objectives
To investigate the differences in the pattern of striatal (caudate and putamen) dopamine transporter (DAT) loss in a multiple system atrophy (MSA) cohort, based on the clinical variants ...parkinsonian subtype (MSA‐P) and cerebellar subtype (MSA‐C) via (11)C‐N‐2‐carbomethoxy‐3‐(4‐fluorophenyl)‐tropane (11C‐CFT) positron emission tomography (PET) imaging.
Materials and Methods
One hundred and six subjects (forty‐one patients with probable MSA‐P; forty patients with probable MSA‐C; twenty‐five healthy controls) underwent 11C‐CFT PET. Subregional 11C‐CFT uptake of bilateral caudate, anterior putamen, and posterior putamen was calculated respectively to measure the striatal dopaminergic function.
Results
Significant decrease in DAT binding in striatum was revealed in patients with MSA‐C and MSA‐P compared to normal controls (all regions, MSA‐C vs controls, P < .0001; MSA‐P vs controls, P < .0001). DAT reduction was more pronounced in MSA‐P patients than that in MSA‐C patients (all regions, P < .0001). Eleven of forty MSA‐C patients displayed no DAT loss, whereas striatal DAT loss was evident in all MSA‐P patients. MSA‐P subtype showed a more obvious anteroposterior gradient of DAT loss and more asymmetric dopaminergic dysfunction compared to MSA‐C patients.
Conclusion
The subtypes of MSA studied here show significantly different spatial/anatomic patterns of striatonigral degeneration which may provide insights into their disease pathophysiology. Specifically, MSA‐P patients exhibit an uneven and much greater pronounced loss of dopamine innervation, while a relatively uniform pattern is revealed in patients with the MSA‐C. Furthermore, the typical reduction in DAT 11C‐CFT binding in striatum is not present in all MSA‐C patients, with a minority of cases showing normal DAT binding.
How our brain is wired and subsequently generates functional output, ranging from sensing and locomotion to emotion, decision‐making and learning and memory, remains poorly understood. Dys‐regulation ...of these processes can lead to neurodegenerative, as well as neuro‐psychiatric, disorders. Molecular genetic together with behavioral analyses in model organisms identify genes involved in the formation of neuronal circuits, the execution of behavior and mechanisms involved in neuro‐pathogenesis. In this review I will discuss the current progress and future potential for study in a newly established vertebrate model organism for genetics, the zebrafish Danio rerio. Where available, schemes and results of genetic screens will be reviewed concerning the sensory, motor and neuromodulatory monoamine systems. Genetic analyses in zebrafish have the potential to provide important insights into the relationship between genes, neuronal circuits and behavior in normal as well as diseased states.
Members of the genus Aeromonas are opportunistic pathogen of a variety of aquatic animals that exhibits multidrug resistance, phenotypes, virulence genes and virulence. The present study described ...the species distribution and the potential pathogenicity of Aeromonas isolated from healthy Northern snakehead (Channa argus) in China. Molecular identification revealed that A. veronii biovar veronii (69/167; 41·3%) and A. hydrophila (41/167; 24·6%) were the most common species found in Northern snakehead intestine based on sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and DNA gyrase subunit B protein. The distribution of seven virulence factors including aer (84·4%), act (80·8%), ser (40·1%), Aha (27·5%), lip (23·4%), exu (15·0%) and LuxS (12·6%) were determined exclusively in Aeromonas isolates. All the seven virulence genes were present in 9·6% (16/167), among which 11 strains were identified as A. veronii biovar veronii. For the strains harbouring seven virulence genes, the 50% lethal doses (LD50) of isolates were lower compared to the isolates carrying two virulence genes. The challenge tests revealed that isolate W31 had the lowest lethal dose, causing 50% mortality at 4·5 × 103 colony‐forming units (CFU) per ml. Furthermore, histopathology of Northern snakehead infected with Aeromonas strains showed necrosis and congestion in liver, spleen and kidney and also damage to the intestine. This study confirms that the Aeromonas strains isolated from healthy Northern snakehead may be a cause of concern for public health.
Significance and Impact of the Study
Aeromonas species are widely distributed in aquatic environments and have considerable virulence potential. The aim of this study was to identify Aeromonas strains isolated from healthy Northern snakehead, and to investigate if Aeromonas species isolated from healthy fish potential pathogenicity with special reference to virulence and epidemiology studies.
Significance and Impact of the Study: Aeromonas species are widely distributed in aquatic environments and have considerable virulence potential. The aim of this study was to identify Aeromonas strains isolated from healthy Northern snakehead, and to investigate if Aeromonas species isolated from healthy fish potential pathogenicity with special reference to virulence and epidemiology studies.
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