Different collection methods may influence the ability to detect and quantify biomarker levels in saliva, particularly in the expression of DNA/RNA methylation regulators of several inflammations and ...tissue turnover markers. This pilot study recruited five participants and unstimulated saliva were collected by either spitting or drooling, and the relative preference for each method was evaluated using a visual analogue scale. Subsequently, total RNA, gDNA and proteins were isolated using the Trizol method. Thereafter, a systematic evaluation was carried out on the potential effects of different saliva collection methods on periodontium-associated genes, DNA/RNA epigenetic factors and periodontium-related DNA methylation levels. The quantity and quality of DNA and RNA were comparable from different collection methods. Periodontium-related genes, DNA/RNA methylation epigenetic factors and periodontium-associated DNA methylation could be detected in the saliva sample, with a similar expression for both methods. The methylation of tumour necrosis factor-alpha gene promoter from drooling method showed a significant positive correlation (TNF α, r = 0.9) with clinical parameter (bleeding on probing-BOP). In conclusion, the method of saliva collection has a minimal impact on detecting periodontium-related genetic and epigenetic regulators in saliva. The pilot data shows that TNF α methylation may be correlated with clinical parameters.
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The success of a dental implant system not only depends on appropriate osseointegration at the bone-implant interface, but also on robust soft-tissue integration ...(STI)/muco-integration at the transmucosal region. However, numerous studies have reported that the STI quality of conventional smooth and bio-inert titanium-based transmucosal components is significantly inferior to that of natural teeth, which may compromise the long-term success of implant restorations. In this review article, we discuss the structural and histological characteristics of peri-implant tissues; compare the roles of various cells residing in the transmucosal region and explore the material-based challenges that must be addressed to achieve early establishment and long-term maintenance of STI.
This extensive review article critically compares and contrasts the findings from articles published in the domain of ‘soft-tissue integration around Ti dental implants’.
Histological characteristics, including poorer epithelial attachment and absence of direct collagen-implant/abutment integration, are responsible for the inferior STI strength around dental implants/abutments. Furthermore, various cellular functions during STI establishment and maturation at the abutment-mucosa interface must be modulated to achieve early STI. Moreover, we discuss and detail the challenges of achieving robust STI, including the presence of oral bacterial milieu, as well as material and corrosion related issues. Finally, research challenges towards achieving and maintaining robust STI are discussed, targeting the future directions to enhance the long-term survival of implant restorations.
Based on its histological characteristics, STI on current implant/abutment surfaces is suboptimal compared to the periodontal attachment found at teeth, making implants potentially more susceptible to disease initiation and progression. To obtain stable STI at the trasmucosal region, it is essential for future studies to design customized implant systems, with enhanced surface bioactivity and tailorable therapeutic capacity, which can improve the long-term success of implant restorations, especially in compromised conditions.
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has become a global ongoing pandemic. Timely, accurate and ...non-invasive SARS-CoV-2 detection in both symptomatic and asymptomatic patients, as well as determination of their immune status, will facilitate effective large-scale pandemic control measures to prevent the spread of COVID-19. Saliva is a biofluid whose anatomical source and location is of particularly strategic relevance to COVID-19 transmission and monitoring. This review focuses on the role of saliva as both a foe (a common mode of viral transmission via salivary droplets and potentially aerosols) and a friend (as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for viral detection and immune status surveillance) in combating COVID-19.
Periodontitis is a highly prevalent multifactorial chronic inflammatory disease associated with a destructive host immune‐inflammatory response to microbial dysbiosis. Current clinical diagnosis is ...reliant on measuring past periodontal tissue loss, with a lack of molecular biomarkers to accurately diagnose periodontitis activity in ‘real‐time’. Thus, discovery of new classes of diagnostic biomarkers is of critical importance in periodontology. Small extracellular vesicles (<200 nm in diameter; sEVs) from oral biofluids (saliva and gingival crevicular fluid—GCF) are lipid‐encapsulated bilayered vesicles and have recently emerged as a potential source of biomarkers for periodontal disease (gingivitis and periodontitis), due to the cargo of protein, genetic material and lipids derived from their parent cells. There is limited information on the isolation and characterisation methods of saliva/GCF‐sEVs or the characterisation of sEVs cargo as biomarkers for periodontitis. In this review, we detail the composition of sEVs and summarise their isolation and characterisation from saliva and GCF. The potential role of saliva and GCF‐derived sEVs in periodontitis diagnosis is also explored. It is proposed that sEVs cargo, including protein, microRNA, message RNA and DNA methylation, are potential biomarkers for periodontitis with good diagnostic power (area under the curve—AUC > 0.9).
Enzymatic conversion of carbon dioxide Shi, Jiafu; Jiang, Yanjun; Jiang, Zhongyi ...
Chemical Society reviews,
01/2015, Volume:
44, Issue:
17
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
With the continuous increase in fossil fuels consumption and the rapid growth of atmospheric CO2 concentration, the harmonious state between human and nature faces severe challenges. Exploring green ...and sustainable energy resources and devising efficient methods for CO2 capture, sequestration and utilization are urgently required. Converting CO2 into fuels/chemicals/materials as an indispensable element for CO2 capture, sequestration and utilization may offer a win-win strategy to both decrease the CO2 concentration and achieve the efficient exploitation of carbon resources. Among the current major methods (including chemical, photochemical, electrochemical and enzymatic methods), the enzymatic method, which is inspired by the CO2 metabolic process in cells, offers a green and potent alternative for efficient CO2 conversion due to its superior stereo-specificity and region/chemo-selectivity. Thus, in this tutorial review, we firstly provide a brief background about enzymatic conversion for CO2 capture, sequestration and utilization. Next, we depict six major routes of the CO2 metabolic process in cells, which are taken as the inspiration source for the construction of enzymatic systems in vitro. Next, we focus on the state-of-the-art routes for the catalytic conversion of CO2 by a single enzyme system and by a multienzyme system. Some emerging approaches and materials utilized for constructing single-enzyme/multienzyme systems to enhance the catalytic activity/stability will be highlighted. Finally, a summary about the current advances and the future perspectives of the enzymatic conversion of CO2 will be presented.
This pilot study aims to investigate whether salivary small extracellular vesicle (sEV)-associated microRNAs could act as potential biomarkers for periodontal disease status. Twenty-nine participants ...(10 who were healthy, nine with gingivitis, 10 with stage III/IV periodontitis) were recruited and unstimulated whole saliva samples were collected. Salivary sEVs were isolated using the size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) method and characterised by morphology, EV-protein and size distribution using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Western Blot and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA), respectively. Ten mature microRNAs (miRNAs) in salivary sEVs and saliva were evaluated using RT-qPCR. The discriminatory power of miRNAs as biomarkers in gingivitis and periodontitis versus healthy controls was evaluated by Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curves. Salivary sEVs were comparable to sEVs morphology, mode, size distribution and particle concentration in healthy, gingivitis and periodontitis patients. Compared to miRNAs in whole saliva, three significantly increased miRNAs (hsa-miR-140-5p, hsa-miR-146a-5p and hsa-miR-628-5p) were only detected in sEVs in periodontitis when compared to that of healthy controls, with a good discriminatory power (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.96) for periodontitis diagnosis. Our study demonstrated that salivary sEVs are a non-invasive source of miRNAs for periodontitis diagnosis. Three miRNAs that are selectively enriched in sEVs, but not whole saliva, could be potential biomarkers for periodontal disease status.
Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease, associated with a microbial dysbiosis. Early detection using salivary small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) biomarkers may facilitate timely prevention. sEVs ...derived from different species (i.e., humans, bacteria) are expected to circulate in saliva. This pilot study recruited 22 participants (seven periodontal healthy, seven gingivitis and eight periodontitis) and salivary sEVs were isolated using the size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) method. The healthy, gingivitis and periodontitis groups were compared in terms of salivary sEVs in the CD9+ sEV subpopulation, Gram-negative bacteria-enriched lipopolysaccharide (LPS+) outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) and global DNA methylation pattern of 5-methylcytosine (5mC), 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) and N6-Methyladenosine (m6dA). It was found that LPS+ OMVs, global 5mC methylation and four periodontal pathogens (
,
,
and
) that secreted OMVs were significantly increased in periodontitis sEVs compared to those from healthy groups. These differences were more pronounced in sEVs than the whole saliva and were more superior in distinguishing periodontitis than gingivitis, in comparison to healthy patients. Of note, global 5mC hypermethylation in salivary sEVs can distinguish periodontitis patients from both healthy controls and gingivitis patients with high sensitivity and specificity (AUC = 1). The research findings suggest that assessing global sEV methylation may be a useful biomarker for periodontitis.
Microglia activation and oligodendrocyte maturation are critical for remyelination after cerebral ischemia. Studies have shown that enriched environment (EE) can effectively alleviate stroke-induced ...neurological deficits. However, little is known about the mechanism associated with glial cells underlying the neuroprotection of EE. Therefore, this study focuses on investigating the effect of EE on activated microglia polarization as well as oligodendrogenesis in the progress of remyelination following cerebral ischemia.
The ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury model was established by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats. Animals executed 4 weeks of environmental intervention after performing MCAO or sham surgery and were divided into sham, MCAO, and MCAO+EE groups. Cognitive function, myelin damage, microglia activation and polarization, inflammation, oligodendrogenesis, remyelination, and protein expression of the PI3K/AKT/GSK3β signaling pathway were determined.
The staining of NeuN indicated that the infarct size of MCAO rats was decreased under EE. EE intervention improved animal performance in the Morris water maze test and novel object recognition test, promoting the recovery of cognitive function after I/R injury. EE treatment alleviated myelin damage in MCAO rats, as evidenced by the lower fluorescence intensity ratio of SMI-32/MBP in MCAO+EE group. EE increased the fluorescence intensity ratio of NG2+/Ki67+/Olig2+, MBP, and MOG, enhancing the proliferation and differentiation of OPCs and oligodendrogenesis after MCAO. In terms of remyelination, more myelinated axons and lower G/ratio were detected in MCAO+EE rats compared with MCAO group. Moreover, EE treatment decreased the number of Iba1+/CD86+ M1 microglia, increased the number of Iba1+/CD206+ M2 microglia, and suppressed the inflammation response after I/R injury, which could be attributed to the augmented expression of PI3K/AKT/GSK3β axis.
EE improved long‑term recovery of cognitive function after cerebral I/R injury, at least in part by promoting M2 microglia transformation through activation of the PI3K/AKT/GSK3β signaling pathway, inhibiting inflammation to provide a favorable microenvironment for oligodendrocyte maturation and remyelination. The effect of the EE on myelin and inflammation could account for the neuroprotection provided by EE.
•EE treatment alleviated demyelination white matter injury after I/R.•EE promoted M2 microglia polarization and oligodendrogenesis.•Effect of EE against I/R partly depends on the activation of PI3K/AKT/GSK3β pathway.
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