The inverted pendulum system is widely used in the study of control theory. There are many advantages of the inverted pendulum: the equipment is cheap, and it features a simple structure and easy ...regulation. But since the inverted pendulum system is also a typical nonlinear, multivariable system, it’s a really difficult thing to keep it stable. Because of this, it’s important to figure out a way to stabilize the system. More importantly, new control methods will be discovered during the process, and these new methods can be used in many other different systems. The inverted pendulum system can reflect performances such as robustness, mobility and tracking performance. Its dynamic condition is similar to a human walk, and its steady state is similar to the launch system on a rocket’s motion attitude, so the study of the inverted pendulum system is also important to the robot and rocket area. This paper describes the construction of a mathematical model of a first-order inverted pendulum, and the process of designing the fuzzy controller based on the related fuzzy control rules. It also conducts the optimization of the fuzzy controller using a genetic algorithm. After using MATLAB’s Simulink module to simulate the inverted pendulum system and adjust the parameters of the controller, the system could finally reach a stable status within a short period of time, from all kinds of original status, and have anti-jamming performance.
Portal vein tumor thrombosis (PVTT) is a significant risk factor for metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients and is therefore associated with poor prognosis. The presence of PVTT ...frequently accompanies substantial hypoxia within the tumor microenvironment, which is suggested to accelerate tumor metastasis, but it is unclear how this occurs. Recent evidence has shown that the hypoxia-inducible factor HIF-1α induces epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in tumor cells to facilitate metastasis. In this study, we investigated whether hypoxia-induced EMT in cancer cells also affects immune cells in the tumor microenvironment to promote immunosuppression. We found that hypoxia-induced EMT increased the expression of the CCL20 cytokine in hepatoma cells. Furthermore, coculture of monocyte-derived macrophages with hypoxic hepatoma cells revealed that the expression of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) was induced in monocyte-derived macrophages in a CCL20-dependent manner. In turn, these IDO-expressing monocyte-derived macrophages suppressed T-cell proliferation and promoted the expansion of immunosuppressive regulatory T cells. Moreover, high CCL20 expression in HCC specimens was associated with PVTT and poor patient survival. Collectively, our findings suggest that the HIF-1α/CCL20/IDO axis in hepatocellular carcinoma is important for accelerating tumor metastasis through both the induction of EMT and the establishment of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, warranting further investigation into the therapeutic effects of blocking specific nodes of this signaling network.
Archie's equation is an empirical electrical conductivity‐porosity model that has been used to predict the formation factor of porous rock for more than 70 years. However, the physical interpretation ...of its parameters, e.g., the cementation exponent m, remains questionable. In this study, a theoretical electrical conductivity equation is derived based on the fractal characteristics of porous media. The proposed model is expressed in terms of the tortuosity fractal dimension (DT), the pore fractal dimension (Df), the electrical conductivity of the pore liquid, and the porosity. The empirical parameter m is then determined from physically based parameters, such as DT and Df. Furthermore, a distinct interrelationship between DT and Df is obtained. We find a reasonably good match between the predicted formation factor by our model and experimental data.
Key Points
An electrical conductivity model is derived based on fractal geometry
Physical definitions of empirical parameters in Archie's equation are presented
Predictions of proposed model show good correspondence with experimental data
Purpose To evaluate bone formation after marsupialization of odontogenic keratocysts (keratocystic odontogenic tumors) of the mandible. Patients and Methods A total of 53 patients with mandibular ...odontogenic keratocysts underwent marsupialization. Clinical and radiographic examinations were done at 1, 3, and 6 months postoperatively. The bone density of the cyst site was measured on the panoramic radiographs using the Digora. The volume of the cyst was measured by injection of saline solution into the cyst cavity. Student t test and Spearman's rank correlation were used for statistical analysis. Results Healing was uneventful in all patients. The diameter of the cysts was 4.1 to 11.0 cm (average 5.4). The panoramic radiographs showed a continuous increase in bone density of the cystic area, with a 22.42% increase at 1 month, 46.07% at 3 months, and 64.69% at 6 months postoperatively compared with the preoperative values. The decrease in cyst volume was 19.05% at 1 month, 55.62% at 3 months, and 79.67% at 6 months postoperatively. The increase in bone density and decrease in cyst volume were more significant in the first 3 months than in second 3 months ( P < .01). The increase in bone density correlated inversely with the decrease in the cyst volume ( P < .01). Conclusion Bone regeneration can occur more rapidly in large mandibular odontogenic keratocysts after marsupialization with drainage by a cyst plug. After 3 months, secondary enucleation of the cyst can be performed.
Ammonia (NH3), an environmental pollutant, poses a serious threat to human and avian health. Although previous studies have showed that NH3 caused kidney injury, the molecular mechanisms of ...nephrotoxicity induced by NH3 remain unclear. To explore the mechanisms of NH3 nephrotoxicity, a total of 36 broiler chicks at one day of age were exposed to NH3. After 42 days of exposure, blood samples were collected to determine creatinine and uric acid; and kidney samples were weighted and then collected to detect ultrastructural changes, oxidative stress parameters, ATPases, necroptosis- and mitochondrial dynamics-related genes. The results showed that chickens exposed to NH3 showed lower relative kidney weight and an increase concentration in serum creatinine and uric acid. NH3 exposure caused nephrocyte necrosis and increased the expression of necroptosis-related genes (TNF-α, RIPK1, RIPK3, MLKL, and JNK). Besides, the activities of antioxidant systems (SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, and T-AOC) were reduced, whereas the concentrations of H2O2 and MDA were elevated. Lower activities of ATPases were obtained in NH3 treatment groups. Furthermore, the mitochondrial fission-related genes drp1 and mff were activated, and mitochondrial fusion-related genes opa1, mfn1 and mfn2 were suppressed after NH3 exposure. Based on the above results, we conclude that NH3 caused-oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction mediated nephrocyte necroptosis in chickens. This study may provide new insight into NH3 nephrotoxicity.
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•Excess NH3 results in tissue damage and necrosis in chicken kidneys.•NH3 induces nephrocyte necroptosis through RIP1-RIP3-MLKL pathway.•Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction co-contribute to necroptosis.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid‐bilayer membrane structures secreted by most cell types. EVs act as messengers via the horizontal transfer of lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, and influence ...various pathophysiological processes in both parent and recipient cells. Compared to EVs obtained from body fluids or cell culture supernatants, EVs isolated directly from tissues possess a number of advantages, including tissue specificity, accurate reflection of tissue microenvironment, etc., thus, attention should be paid to tissue‐derived EVs (Ti‐EVs). Ti‐EVs are present in the interstitium of tissues and play pivotal roles in intercellular communication. Moreover, Ti‐EVs provide an excellent snapshot of interactions among various cell types with a common histological background. Thus, Ti‐EVs may be used to gain insights into the development and progression of diseases. To date, extensive investigations have focused on the role of body fluid‐derived EVs or cell culture‐derived EVs; however, the number of studies on Ti‐EVs remains insufficient. Herein, we summarize the latest advances in Ti‐EVs for cancers and non‐cancer diseases. We propose the future application of Ti‐EVs in basic research and clinical practice. Workflows for Ti‐EV isolation and characterization between cancers and non‐cancer diseases are reviewed and compared. Moreover, we discuss current issues associated with Ti‐EVs and provide potential directions.
In this work, we study the existence of a positive solution to an elliptic equation involving the fractional Laplacian (−
in ℝ
, for
≥ 2, such as
Here,
(0, 1),
with
being the fractional critical ...Sobolev exponent,
),
),
) > 0 : ℝ
→ ℝ are measurable functions which satisfy joint “vanishing at infinity” conditions in a measure-theoretic sense, and
(
) is a continuous function on ℝ of quasi-critical, super-
-linear growth with
(
) ≥ 0 if
≥ 0. Besides, we study the existence of multiple positive solutions to an elliptic equation in ℝ
such as
where 2 <
<
< ∞(both possibly (super-)critical),
),
),
) > 0 : ℝ
→ ℝ are measurable functions satisfying joint integrability conditions, and
> 0 is a parameter. To study (
)-(
), we first describe a family of general fractional Sobolev-Slobodeckij spaces
(ℝ
) as well as their associated compact embedding results.
CiteRivers: Visual Analytics of Citation Patterns Heimerl, Florian; Qi Han; Koch, Steffen ...
IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics,
01/2016, Volume:
22, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
The exploration and analysis of scientific literature collections is an important task for effective knowledge management. Past interest in such document sets has spurred the development of numerous ...visualization approaches for their interactive analysis. They either focus on the textual content of publications, or on document metadata including authors and citations. Previously presented approaches for citation analysis aim primarily at the visualization of the structure of citation networks and their exploration. We extend the state-of-the-art by presenting an approach for the interactive visual analysis of the contents of scientific documents, and combine it with a new and flexible technique to analyze their citations. This technique facilitates user-steered aggregation of citations which are linked to the content of the citing publications using a highly interactive visualization approach. Through enriching the approach with additional interactive views of other important aspects of the data, we support the exploration of the dataset over time and enable users to analyze citation patterns, spot trends, and track long-term developments. We demonstrate the strengths of our approach through a use case and discuss it based on expert user feedback.
In this paper, an active equalization method based on redundant battery is proposed. A redundant battery is added to a battery pack consisting of several series batteries. According to the capacity ...and SOC (state-of-charge) of series batteries in the battery pack, one of these batteries is in parallel with the redundant battery in a certain time period. On the one hand, the energy is transferred between the redundant battery and the equalized batteries. On the other hand, during the charging or discharging process, the redundant battery acts as a power source, which reduces the current of the equalized battery. By adjusting the length of time that redundant battery and series batteries are connected in parallel, the purpose of battery equalization will be achieved. The balance current is limited only by the maximum charge-discharge ratio of the batteries. As long as the sum of the difference of series batteries capacity is less than the redundant battery capacity, the balance of all batteries can be achieved. Compared with other active equalization methods, the energy storage element (redundant battery) is used to be the main component of the equalization circuit in this method. It not only has the advantages of simple equalization circuit and large equalization current, but also has higher energy density of battery pack. In this paper, the equalization circuit is given, and the equalization strategy with accurate battery parameters and uncertain battery parameters is proposed. The experimental results also verify the correctness of the theoretical analysis and modeling.
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