This paper proposes the design and optimization of microstructure optical fiber for liquid sensing applications. A number of propagation characteristics have been compared between two formations of ...hexagonal cladding of our proposed PCF structure. The core of the proposed PCF structure is designed with two rows of supplementary elliptical air holes. We investigate the performance of the designed PCFs for Ethanol as a liquid sample to be sensed. Numerical analysis is carried out by employing the full vectorial Finite Element Method (FEM) to examine the modal birefringence, confinement loss, relative sensitivity and nonlinear coefficient of the proposed PCF structure. Keywords: Liquid sensor, Fiber optics sensor, Photonic crystal fiber, Rotated hexagonal cladding, Nonlinear optics
In this article, we demonstrate a unique hexagonal lattice structure of Photonic Crystal Fiber for liquid sensing applications. Relative sensitivity, confinement loss and birefringence of the ...structure have been investigated theoretically. The numerical inquiry has been taken place using the full vectorial Finite Element Method (FEM). We have shown a comparative performance analysis between two lattice structures of the proposed Photonic Crystal Fiber. It is found that the presence of elliptic air holes instead of circular air holes in the core region and the innermost ring of the cladding bring higher birefringence with high sensitivity and low confinement loss. According to the simulated results, at 1.33μm operating wavelength, the birefringence, confinement loss, and relative sensitivity of the suggested PCF are 2.825×10−3, 2.07×10−6dB/m and 43.84% respectively for Ethanol filled core.
ZigBee is an IEEE 802.15.4 standardized communication protocol. It forms a flawless Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) standard for interoperability at all levels of the network, particularly the ...application level which most closely touches the user. A large number of devices from different vendors can work seamlessly. These devices act as a network and send huge data traffic to the Coordinator. End devices at different zones have different roles in communication with each other. There has been a lack in executing their requests in a synchronized way based on task priority. This lack leads to massive data traffic loss and degrades the Quality of Service (QoS). One of the challenges is to analyze the QoS parameters in ZigBee network that help to detect the overall network performance. The contribution of this paper is twofold; first, a ZigBee Network is implemented based on node priority. It demonstrates a method to generate a new priority of devices with respect to their existing priority and zones’ priority as well. Second, the QoS is analyzed based on the new priority status for tasks preference purposes. The outcome of this paper shows that the QoS of the network is more conspicuous than non-priority based network.
ZigBee is a protocol for high-level communication under IEEE 802.15.4 standard. ZigBee network specification creates a personal area network for small, less-power consuming radio communication. The ...vast use in device to device communication of ZigBee turns its possibility in the use of the Internet of Things. A large amount of sensor nodes is interconnected through the Coordinator in ZigBee network. The end nodes send a huge amount of sensing data to the Coordinator via intermediary nodes like routers. These huge data creates overhead application traffic load in routers and Coordinator. A load balancing mechanism is necessary for a ZigBee network to contain multiple Personal Area Networks (PAN) and switch the threshold PAN loads with simplified network routing. This paper represents a novel ZigBee network model based on Stochastic and Widest Path process for proper traffic orientation, queuing and analyze load minimization issues. The two statistical models are put through in the ZigBee network using Riverbed to reduce and balance the overhead load. The result indicates that applying Stochastic process minimize the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer load as well as the overall ZigBee network load. This research will be helpful in large-scale integration of sensor nodes in a balanced ZigBee network for data load.
ZigBee is a sensor based IEEE 802.15.4 wireless standard. ZigBee has taken a role in the utilization of wireless network for diverse applications in home, office or industrial automation. The vast ...use of ZigBee devices which bring forth a huge application traffic. ZigBee Coordinator processes the application traffic. This traffic waits to be executed in the Coordinator queue. Routers transfer the application traffic to the destination. These huge application traffic can be a cause of queuing drop which reduces throughput as well as increases delay. An active queue management is in demand for ZigBee Coordinator. In this paper, Random Early Detection (RED) algorithm is applied to maintain Coordinator queue for gaining high throughput as the lowest possible delay and data packet dropped. The simulation results show the performance of RED enabled network parameters are better. This analysis will be a convenient direction for the further development of ZigBee network.
The IEEE 802.15.4 wireless communication standard named ZigBee is a wondering sensor. ZigBee is vastly used in device-to-device communication, both at home, office or industry for day-to-day ...applications. Zillions of devices are interconnected to set up a such an automotive system. These devices generate a massive amount of application traffic. ZigBee's Coordinator Queue handles this application data traffic with the default traffic distribution and processing technique. Without applying an active queue management scheme, data traffic might be dropped that causes higher end-to-end delay, higher load, and lower throughput. This paper implements the popular Random Early Detection (RED) algorithm for maintaining ZigBee's Coordinator queue with varying packet sizes and distribution techniques. The extensive simulation results show that the RED enabled ZigBee network has better performance in terms of the lower sized packet in uniform distribution. The analysis of this study will be a myopic direction for the further development of ZigBee network.
Formalin is a dangerous organic chemical substance in today's life. It is the solution of two substances; Formaldehyde and Water. Formalin is used forlong time preservation for various types of foods ...and other things from rotting. It affects human life to environmental ecology. Formalin detection is a challenging task. Without chemical experts, it is hard to detect and it is also a time consuming task. In this regard, a smart, reliable but simple detection technique is on demand. To detect it efficiently, the optical characteristic of Formalin such as refractive index is chosen for analysing. This paper presents a Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF) based Formalin sensing technique. A simple PCF structure has been proposed to sense Formalin. The structure follows all the optical properties for the propagation of light energy. An intensive simulation has been done. The simulation results show that the proposed simple PCF structure is handy to detect Formalin with a remarkable sensitivity.
PDF
