•The HITRAN2020 molecular spectroscopic database and its validations are presented.•Extended line-by-line coverage to 55 molecules, with new isotopologues included.•Increased spectral and dynamic ...ranges for multiple molecules.•Quality and amount of spectral parameters (including sophisticated line shapes) is increased.•Updates to cross sections, CIA, software tools & auxiliary data also described.
The HITRAN database is a compilation of molecular spectroscopic parameters. It was established in the early 1970s and is used by various computer codes to predict and simulate the transmission and emission of light in gaseous media (with an emphasis on terrestrial and planetary atmospheres). The HITRAN compilation is composed of five major components: the line-by-line spectroscopic parameters required for high-resolution radiative-transfer codes, experimental infrared absorption cross-sections (for molecules where it is not yet feasible for representation in a line-by-line form), collision-induced absorption data, aerosol indices of refraction, and general tables (including partition sums) that apply globally to the data. This paper describes the contents of the 2020 quadrennial edition of HITRAN. The HITRAN2020 edition takes advantage of recent experimental and theoretical data that were meticulously validated, in particular, against laboratory and atmospheric spectra. The new edition replaces the previous HITRAN edition of 2016 (including its updates during the intervening years).
All five components of HITRAN have undergone major updates. In particular, the extent of the updates in the HITRAN2020 edition range from updating a few lines of specific molecules to complete replacements of the lists, and also the introduction of additional isotopologues and new (to HITRAN) molecules: SO, CH3F, GeH4, CS2, CH3I and NF3. Many new vibrational bands were added, extending the spectral coverage and completeness of the line lists. Also, the accuracy of the parameters for major atmospheric absorbers has been increased substantially, often featuring sub-percent uncertainties. Broadening parameters associated with the ambient pressure of water vapor were introduced to HITRAN for the first time and are now available for several molecules.
The HITRAN2020 edition continues to take advantage of the relational structure and efficient interface available at www.hitran.org and the HITRAN Application Programming Interface (HAPI). The functionality of both tools has been extended for the new edition.
Germ cell tumour is the most frequent malignant tumour type in young men with a 100% rise in the incidence every 20 years. Despite this, the high sensitivity of germ cell tumours to platinum-based ...chemotherapy, together with radiation and surgical measures, leads to the high cure rate of ≥99% in early stages and 90%, 75-80% and 50% in advanced disease with ‘good’, ‘intermediate’ and ‘poor’ prognostic criteria (IGCCCG classification), respectively. The high cure rate in patients with limited metastatic disease allows the reduction of overall treatment load, and therefore less acute and long-term toxicity, e.g. organ sparing surgery for specific cases, reduced dose and treatment volume of irradiation or substitution of node dissection by surveillance or adjuvant chemotherapy according to the presence or absence of vascular invasion. Thus, different treatment options according to prognostic factors including histology, stage and patient factors and possibilities of the treating centre as well may be used to define the treatment strategy which is definitively chosen for an individual patient. However, this strategy of reduction of treatment load as well as the treatment itself require very high expertise of the treating physician with careful management and follow-up and thorough cooperation by the patient as well to maintain the high rate for cure. Treatment decisions must be based on the available evidence which has been the basis for this consensus guideline delivering a clear proposal for diagnostic and treatment measures in each stage of gonadal and extragonadal germ cell tumour and individual clinical situations. Since this guideline is based on the highest evidence level available today, a deviation from these proposals should be a rare and justified exception.
Incomplete occlusion and recanalization of large and wide-neck brain aneurysms treated by endovascular therapy remains a challenge. We present preliminary clinical and angiographic results of an ...experimentally optimized Surpass flow diverter for treatment of intracranial aneurysms in a prospective, multicenter, nonrandomized, single-arm study.
At 24 centers, 165 patients with 190 intracranial aneurysms of the anterior and posterior circulations were enrolled. The primary efficacy end point was the percentage of intracranial aneurysms with 100% occlusion on 6-month DSA. The primary safety end point was neurologic death and any stroke through a minimum follow-up of 6 months.
Successful flow-diverter delivery was achieved in 161 patients with 186 aneurysms (98%); the mean number of devices used per aneurysm was 1.05. Clinical follow-up (median, 6 months) of 150 patients (93.2%), showed that the primary safety end point occurred in 18 subjects. Permanent neurologic morbidity and mortality were 6% and 2.7%, respectively. Morbidity occurred in 4% and 7.4% of patients treated for aneurysms of the anterior and posterior circulation, respectively. Neurologic death during follow-up was observed in 1.6% and 7.4% of patients with treated intracranial aneurysms of the anterior and posterior circulation, respectively. Ischemic stroke at ≤30 days, SAH at ≤7 days, and intraparenchymal hemorrhage at ≤7 days were encountered in 3.7%, 2.5%, and 2.5% of subjects, respectively. No disabling ischemic strokes at >30 days or SAH at >7 days occurred. New or worsening cranial nerve deficit was observed in 2.7%. Follow-up angiography available in 158 (86.8%) intracranial aneurysms showed 100% occlusion in 75%.
Clinical outcomes of the Surpass flow diverter in the treatment of intracranial aneurysms show a safety profile that is comparable with that of stent-assisted coil embolization. Angiographic results showed a high rate of intracranial aneurysm occlusion.
Late Holocene hydroclimate variations have been extensively recognized in Amazonia, but the effects of such changes on riverine discharge within the Amazon lowlands are still poorly understood. We ...investigated a sediment core covering circa 4,000 to 300 cal yr BP collected in the lower valley of the Xingu River (Xingu Ria) in an area under the influence of the Amazon River. Our results indicate a decrease in precipitation in the Amazon lowlands throughout the studied period and reduced input of coarser and potassium‐rich Amazon River sediments to the confluence from about 2,600 to 1,400 cal yr BP. We suggest that lower temperatures in the extratropical Southern Hemisphere weakened the South American Summer Monsoon and led to a decrease in the water discharge of the Amazon River during this period.
Plain Language Summary
The variability of the Amazon River water discharge over the last millennia is still poorly understood. Sediments deposited in the lower valley of the Xingu River, a major eastern tributary of the Amazon River, allowed for the identification of a decrease in rainfall over the Amazon lowlands throughout the last 4,000 years. Changes in the relative input of Amazon and Xingu sediments in an area affected by both rivers indicate that the water discharge of the Amazon River decreased from about 2,600 to 1,400 years ago. We suggest that anomalously low temperatures in the Southern Hemisphere led to drier conditions in Amazonia during this period.
Key Points
Sediments in fluvial rias reveal hydrological changes in Amazonia during the last millennia
Compound‐specific plant wax isotope records suggest a decrease in rainfall in Amazon lowlands over the last 4,000 yr
A shift in the extratropical temperature gradient from 2,600 to 1,400 cal yr BP potentially led to lower Amazon River water discharge
Abstract
Objective
Negative symptoms are currently viewed as having a 2-dimensional structure, with factors reflecting diminished expression (EXP) and motivation and pleasure (MAP). However, several ...factor-analytic studies suggest that the consensus around a 2-dimensional model is premature. The current study investigated and cross-culturally validated the factorial structure of BNSS-rated negative symptoms across a range of cultures and languages.
Method
Participants included individuals diagnosed with a psychotic disorder who had been rated on the Brief Negative Symptom Scale (BNSS) from 5 cross-cultural samples, with a total N = 1691. First, exploratory factor analysis was used to extract up to 6 factors from the data. Next, confirmatory factor analysis evaluated the fit of 5 models: (1) a 1-factor model, 2) a 2-factor model with factors of MAP and EXP, 3) a 3-factor model with inner world, external, and alogia factors; 4) a 5-factor model with separate factors for blunted affect, alogia, anhedonia, avolition, and asociality, and 5) a hierarchical model with 2 second-order factors reflecting EXP and MAP, as well as 5 first-order factors reflecting the 5 aforementioned domains.
Results
Models with 4 factors or less were mediocre fits to the data. The 5-factor, 6-factor, and the hierarchical second-order 5-factor models provided excellent fit with an edge to the 5-factor model. The 5-factor structure demonstrated invariance across study samples.
Conclusions
Findings support the validity of the 5-factor structure of BNSS-rated negative symptoms across diverse cultures and languages. These findings have important implications for the diagnosis, assessment, and treatment of negative symptoms.
In November 2011, the Third European Consensus Conference on Diagnosis and Treatment of Germ-Cell Cancer (GCC) was held in Berlin, Germany. This third conference followed similar meetings in 2003 ...(Essen, Germany) and 2006 (Amsterdam, The Netherlands) Schmoll H-J, Souchon R, Krege S et al. European consensus on diagnosis and treatment of germ-cell cancer: a report of the European Germ-Cell Cancer Consensus Group (EGCCCG). Ann Oncol 2004; 15: 1377–1399; Krege S, Beyer J, Souchon R et al. European consensus conference on diagnosis and treatment of germ-cell cancer: a report of the second meeting of the European Germ-Cell Cancer Consensus group (EGCCCG): part I. Eur Urol 2008; 53: 478–496; Krege S, Beyer J, Souchon R et al. European consensus conference on diagnosis and treatment of germ-cell cancer: a report of the second meeting of the European Germ-Cell Cancer Consensus group (EGCCCG): part II. Eur Urol 2008; 53: 497–513. A panel of 56 of 60 invited GCC experts from all across Europe discussed all aspects on diagnosis and treatment of GCC, with a particular focus on acute and late toxic effects as well as on survivorship issues.
The panel consisted of oncologists, urologic surgeons, radiooncologists, pathologists and basic scientists, who are all actively involved in care of GCC patients. Panelists were chosen based on the publication activity in recent years. Before the meeting, panelists were asked to review the literature published since 2006 in 20 major areas concerning all aspects of diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of GCC patients, and to prepare an updated version of the previous recommendations to be discussed at the conference. In addition, ∼50 E-vote questions were drafted and presented at the conference to address the most controversial areas for a poll of expert opinions. Here, we present the main recommendations and controversies of this meeting. The votes of the panelists are added as online supplements.
Aims
To evaluate the performances of commercially available glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) assays and the implications for clinical studies.
Methods
Known concentrations (5–300 pmol/l) of synthetic ...GLP‐1 isoforms (GLP‐1 1‐36NH2, 7‐36NH2, 9‐36NH2, 1‐37, 7‐37 and 9‐37) were added to the matrix (assay buffer) supplied with 10 different kits and to human plasma, and recoveries were determined. Assays yielding meaningful results were analysed for precision and sensitivity by repeated analysis and ability to discriminate low concentrations. Endogenous GLP‐1 levels in clinical samples were assessed using three commercial kits.
Results
The USCN LIFE assay detected none of the GLP‐1 isoforms. The active GLP‐1 enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) from Millipore and DRG appeared identical and were specific for intact GLP‐1 in buffer and plasma. The Meso Scale Discovery (MSD) total GLP‐1 kit detected all six GLP‐1 isoforms, although recovery of non‐active forms was incomplete, especially in plasma. Millipore total GLP‐1 ELISA kit detected all isoforms in buffer, but mainly amidated forms in plasma. The Alpco, Phoenix and Bio‐Rad kits detected only amidated GLP‐1, but the Alpco kit had a limited measurement range (30 pmol/l), the Phoenix kit had incomplete recovery in plasma and the Bio‐Rad kit was insensitive (detection limit in plasma 40 pmol/l). The pattern of postprandial GLP‐1 responses in clinical samples was similar between the kits tested, but the absolute concentrations measured varied.
Conclusions
The specificity and sensitivity of commercially available kits for the analysis of GLP‐1 levels vary considerably. This should be taken into account when selecting which assay to use and when comparing data from different studies.
The production of mesons containing strangeness is studied using elementary and heavy-ion probes with the FOPI detector at GSI-SIS. The observed inclusive cross section of neutral kaons points to an ...in-medium modification in the production. The momentum dependent ratio of cross sections of light and heavy target nuclei turns out to be a sensitive observable for the in-medium potential strength in transport codes. The experiments will continue studying the production of charged kaons with elementary probes including the search for deeply bound antikaon nuclear clusters in proton proton collisions.
Magnetostriction, the strain induced by a change in magnetization, is a universal effect in magnetic materials. Owing to the difficulty in unraveling its microscopic origin, it has been largely ...treated phenomenologically. Here, we show how the source of magnetostriction-the underlying magnetoelastic stress-can be separated in the time domain, opening the door for an atomistic understanding. X-ray and electron diffraction are used to separate the sub-picosecond spin and lattice responses of FePt nanoparticles. Following excitation with a 50-fs laser pulse, time-resolved X-ray diffraction demonstrates that magnetic order is lost within the nanoparticles with a time constant of 146 fs. Ultrafast electron diffraction reveals that this demagnetization is followed by an anisotropic, three-dimensional lattice motion. Analysis of the size, speed, and symmetry of the lattice motion, together with ab initio calculations accounting for the stresses due to electrons and phonons, allow us to reveal the magnetoelastic stress generated by demagnetization.
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