ABSTRACT
The scatter in the relationship between the strength of C ii 158 $\mu$m emission and the star formation rate at high redshift has been the source of much recent interest. Although the ...relationship is well established locally, several intensely star-forming galaxies have been found whose C ii 158 $\mu$m emission is either weak, absent, or spatially offset from the young stars. Here we present new ALMA data for the two most distant gravitationally lensed and spectroscopically confirmed galaxies, A2744_YD4 at z = 8.38 and MACS1149_JD1 at z = 9.11, both of which reveal intense O iii 88 $\mu$m emission. In both cases we provide stringent upper limits on the presence of C ii 158 $\mu$m with respect to O iii 88 $\mu$m. We review possible explanations for this apparent redshift-dependent C ii deficit in the context of our recent hydrodynamical simulations. Our results highlight the importance of using several emission line diagnostics with ALMA to investigate the nature of the interstellar medium in early galaxies.
To investigate the effects of unequal supply hours on consumers' coping strategies and perceptions of the intermittent water supply (IWS) in the Kathmandu Valley (KV), Nepal we conducted a randomized ...household survey (n=369) and on-site water quality tests. Half of the households received piped water for 6 or fewer hours per week. To augment or cope with the inadequate supply, 28% of the households used highly contaminated and expensive tanker-delivered water. Half of the piped water samples (n=13) were contaminated with Escherichia coli. Free chlorine concentration in all piped water samples was below the national standards (0.1–0.2mg/L), but combined chlorine was detected at an average of 0.24mg/L, indicating ingression of contaminants in the network. Point-of-use devices could increase access to safe water in the KV from 42% to 80%. The use of Lorenz curves and Gini coefficients revealed inequality of piped water supply hours per week both between and within service areas in the KV, due mainly to a small percentage of households who receive longer supply hours. To cope with reduced supply hours, home owners pay more to get water from alternative sources, while tenants compromise their water consumption. Under IWS, expectations for improvements in piped water quality and supply regularity are higher than those for supply volume. Consumers' perceptions of the piped water services worsen with the reduction in supply hours, but perceptions of piped water tariff are independent of supply hours.
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•Lorenz curves and Gini coefficients were used to measure inequality of piped supply.•Inequality was found both between and within service areas.•Coping strategies for reduced supply hours vary between home owners and tenants.•Expectations for improved water quality are higher than those for supply volume.•Consumers' perceptions of piped water services worsen as supply hours shorten.
Summary
We estimated the number of hip fracture patients in 2012 in Japan and investigated the trends in incidence during a 25-year period from 1987 to 2012. Despite the increasing number of ...patients, the incidence of hip fracture in both men and women aged 70–79 years showed the possibility of decline.
Introduction
The objectives of this study were to estimate the number of hip fracture patients in 2012, to investigate the trends in incidence during a 25-year period from 1987 to 2012, and to determine the regional differences in Japan.
Methods
Data were collected through a nationwide survey based on hospitals by a mail-in survey. Hip fracture incidences by sex and age and standardized incidence ratios by region were calculated.
Results
The estimated numbers of new hip fracture patients in 2012 were 175,700 in total (95 % CI 170,300–181,100), 37,600 (36,600–38,600) for men and 138,100 (134,300–141,900) for women. The incidence rates in both men and women aged 70–79 years were the lowest in the 20-year period from 1992 to 2012. The incidence was higher in western areas of Japan than that in eastern areas in both men and women; however, the difference in the incidence of hip fracture between western and eastern areas is becoming smaller.
Conclusions
Despite the increasing number of new patients, the incidence of hip fracture in both men and women aged 70–79 years showed the possibility of decline. The exact reasons for this are unknown, but various drugs for improving bone mineral density or preventing hip fracture might have influenced the results. A decrease in the differences in nutrient intake levels might explain some of the change in regional differences in Japan.
Summary
Background
Intercellular IgA dermatosis (IAD) is a subset of autoimmune bullous disease exclusively with IgA antikeratinocyte cell‐surface antibodies. The classification and pathogenesis of ...this condition are still obscure.
Objectives
To classify IAD and study its pathogenesis.
Methods
From our cohort of 5402 cases of autoimmune bullous disease, we selected 49 cases of various types of intercellular IgA dermatosis (IAD) and 13 cases of classical subcorneal pustular dermatosis (SPD), for which sera and information were available. We studied these cases clinically and immunologically.
Results
There were 17 SPD‐type IAD, 12 intraepidermal neutrophilic IgA dermatosis (IEN)‐type IAD, two IgA–pemphigus vegetans, four IgA–pemphigus foliaceus, six IgA–pemphigus vulgaris and eight unclassified IAD cases. There was no sex predominance, and the average age at disease onset was 45·9 years. Clinically, bullous and pustular skin lesions developed on various sites, particularly intertriginous areas. Histopathology showed intraepidermal blisters or pustules at the upper epidermis in the SPD‐type and at the midepidermis in the IEN‐type. Immunological studies revealed that direct immunofluorescence, indirect immunofluorescence of normal human skin and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) of recombinant proteins of desmogleins and desmocollins frequently showed positive results, although no antigens were detected in many cases. All cases of classical SPD, which showed no positive immunological results, were indistinguishable clinically and histopathologically from SPD‐type IAD.
Conclusions
The present study of the largest cohort of cases of IAD showed that the major subtypes are SPD and IEN, and that the combination of indirect immunofluorescence and ELISAs of desmogleins and desmocollins, in addition to direct immunofluorescence, was useful for the diagnosis of IAD and its subtypes.
What's already known about this topic?
There is a subset of autoimmune bullous disease, exclusively with IgA antikeratinocyte cell‐surface antibodies, called intercellular IgA dermatosis or IgA pemphigus.
Because of a lack of systematic study, the classification and pathogenesis of this condition are still obscure.
What does this study add?
This is the largest study to date, with our cohort of 49 cases of intercellular IgA dermatosis.
We propose a classification with five subtypes.
Major autoantigens in intercellular IgA dermatosis are desmocollins and desmogleins, although antigens are not determined in many cases.
Linked Comment: Tsuruta. Br J Dermatol 2017; 176:13–14.
Optical emission spectroscopy, fast video imaging and coating characterization are employed to investigate AC plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) of magnesium alloys. The findings revealed initiation ...and gradual increase in the number of discharges after 2–4 ms of each anodic pulse once a critical voltage was reached. No discharges were observed during the cathodic half-cycles. The lifetimes of discharges were in the range of 0.05–4 ms. A transition in the voltage-time response, accompanied by a change in the acoustic and optical emission characteristics of discharges, was associated with the development of an intermediate coating layer with an average hardness of 270–450 HV
0.05. The coatings grew at a rate in the range 4.0–7.5 µm min
−
1
, depending on the substrate composition. Regardless of the substrate, the coatings consisted of MgO and Mg
2SiO
4, with incorporation of alloying element species. Electrolyte species were mainly present in a more porous layer at the coating surface, constituting 20–40% of the coating thickness. A thin barrier layer consisting of polycrystalline MgO was located next to the alloy. The corrosion rate of the magnesium alloys determined using potentiodynamic polarization in 3.5 wt.% NaCl was reduced by 2–4 orders of magnitude by the PEO treatment.
![The absence of [C ii ] 158...](http://api.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/image/issn/XR4PS5YY4K/1745-3925_0035-8711/small "The absence of [C ii ] 158 $\mu$m emission in spectroscopically confirmed galaxies at z > 8")
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