Abstract Aim The study of dietary patterns offers a comprehensive, real-life approach towards examining the complex diet and disease relationship. The simultaneous association of dietary patterns ...with inflammation and the metabolic syndrome (MetS) has not been extensively reviewed. This report reviews the association of dietary patterns with inflammation in the context of the MetS. Methods Original English-language research studies with humans were identified via MEDLINE, using inflammation, MetS, whole diets and dietary patterns as keywords. The findings were carefully examined and synthesized along consistent axes. Results Many observational and a few prospective studies, as well as some randomized controlled trials (RCTs), support an inverse association between a Mediterranean dietary pattern and markers of inflammation. The link is generally independent of traditional cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and weight loss. The few studies that have examined the association between following a healthy dietary pattern, evaluated using various diet quality scores, and inflammation report an inverse association; however, this association was attenuated upon adjusting for CVD risk factors. A Mediterranean dietary pattern has also been associated with a reduced risk of the MetS in several cross-sectional studies and a few prospective studies conducted with healthy people. Few RCTs (lasting 1–2 years) have confirmed the benefits of following a Mediterranean diet on MetS risk in obese individuals, in those with the MetS or in those at CVD risk. The evidence, albeit limited, for a link between healthy diets based on other diet quality scores and the MetS supports a similar inverse association for the primary and secondary prevention of the MetS. Conclusion Adhering to healthy diets such as the Mediterranean diet and/or national dietary guidelines can reduce inflammation and the MetS.
Abstract Background and aims Benefits of Mediterranean diet on MetS risk have been suggested, but overall prospective evidence in the general population is limited. For the first time, the ...prospective association of adherence to Mediterranean diet with the 6-y risk of MetS and its components was evaluated in a large cohort in Europe. Methods and results Subjects included were participants from the Supplémentation en Vitamines et Minéraux AntioXydants (SU.VI.MAX) study. Adherence to Mediterranean diet was assessed using traditional Mediterranean diet score (MDS), an updated Mediterranean score (MED) and Mediterranean style-dietary pattern score (MSDPS) calculated from at least three 24-h records. In 3232 subjects, the association between Mediterranean diet scores and 6-y risk of MetS was evaluated. The association between Mediterranean scores and MetS components was also estimated. A lower risk of MetS was observed with increasing MED score ( P -trend = 0.001) and MDS ( P -trend = 0.03) in multivariate models. The adjusted odds ratios (95% Confidence Interval) for MetS risk were 0.47 (0.32–0.69) and 0.50 (0.32–0.77) in subjects in the highest versus lowest tertile of MED score and MDS, respectively. The MED score was inversely associated with waist circumference, systolic blood pressure and triglycerides, and directly associated with HDL-cholesterol. The MDS was negatively associated with waist circumference and triglycerides, and MSDPS was positively associated with HDL-cholesterol. Conclusions All Mediterranean diet scores were associated in a potentially beneficial direction with components of MetS or MetS incidence. Our findings support that individuals should be encouraged to follow a Mediterranean dietary pattern for reduction of MetS risk. Trial Registration: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00272428.
Sustainability has become a greater concern among consumers that may influence their dietary intake. Only a few studies investigated the relationship between sustainable food choice motives and diet ...and they focused on specific food groups.
This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the associations between food choice motives during purchasing, with a focus on sustainability, and dietary patterns in a large sample of French adults.
Food choice motives were collected in 31,842 adults from the NutriNet-Santé study, using a validated 63 items questionnaire gathered into 9 dimension scores: ethics and environment, traditional and local production, taste, price, environmental limitation (i.e. not buying a food for environmental concerns), health, convenience, innovation and absence of contaminants. Dietary intake was assessed using at least three web-based 24-h food records. Three dietary patterns were obtained through factor analysis using principal component analysis. The associations between food choice motive dimension scores and dietary patterns were assessed using linear regression models, stratifying by sex.
Individuals were more likely to have a "healthy diet" when they were more concerned by not buying a food for environmental concerns (only for 3
tertile versus 1
tertile β
=0.18, 95% CI=0.15-0.20, β
=0.20 95% CI=(0.15-0.25)), ethics and environment (women only, β=0.05, 95% CI=0.02-0.08), absence of contaminants (women only, β=0.05, 95% CI=0.01-0.07), local production (women only, β=0.08, 95% CI=0.04-0.11), health (women only) and innovation (men only), and when they were less concerned by price. Individuals were also less likely to have traditional or western diets when they gave importance to food choice motive dimensions related to sustainability.
Individuals, especially women, having higher concerns about food sustainability dimensions such as ethics and environment and local production, appear to have a healthier diet. Further longitudinal studies are required to better understand how sustainable concerns may influence long-term nutritional quality of the diet.
Summary
Background
Functional gastrointestinal disorders’ (FGIDs) associations with body mass index (BMI) have not been thoroughly investigated in the general population.
Aim
To investigate the ...overlap between functional dyspepsia (FDy), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), functional constipation (FC) and functional diarrhoea (FDh) and the relationship between BMI and those diagnoses in a large French adult population.
Methods
Subjects participating in the Nutrinet‐Santé cohort study completed a questionnaire based on Rome III criteria. Anthropometrics, socio‐demographical and lifestyle data were collected via self‐administered questionnaires. Associations between BMI and FGIDs were investigated with multivariate logistic regression.
Results
A total of 35 447 subjects were included in the analysis. Among subjects with FGIDs, 10.4% presented more than one disorder. FDy coexisted with IBS (23.6%) and FC (15.1%).
Associations between BMI and FDy differed according to sex. In females, higher odds were observed for underweight and obesity subgroups (OR = 1.26 (95% CI: 0.99–1.59), OR = 1.35 (1.08–1.69), OR = 1.20 (0.81–1.77), OR = 1.47 (0.89–2.42) for underweight, class I, II and III obesity respectively compared with normal BMI), forming a U‐shaped relationship confirmed with nonlinear model (P < 0.001). In females, FDh was associated with BMI OR = 1.05 (1.03–1.07), P < 0.001. In males, a negative association between BMI and IBS was observed OR = 0.97 (0.94–0.99), P=0.04. Other associations were not significant.
Conclusions
Our study showed an important overlap in FGIDs, supporting the contention of common pathophysiological mechanisms. Relationships between BMI and FGIDs appeared to be sex‐dependent. Interaction by sex in the association between BMI and FGIDs should therefore be further explored.
BACKGROUND The global obesity epidemic has paralleled a decrease in semen quality. Yet, the association between obesity and sperm parameters remains controversial. The purpose of this report was to ...update the evidence on the association between BMI and sperm count through a systematic review with meta-analysis. METHODS A systematic review of available literature (with no language restriction) was performed to investigate the impact of BMI on sperm count. Relevant studies published until June 2012 were identified from a Pubmed and EMBASE search. We also included unpublished data (n = 717 men) obtained from the Infertility Center of Bondy, France. Abstracts of relevant articles were examined and studies that could be included in this review were retrieved. Authors of relevant studies for the meta-analysis were contacted by email and asked to provide standardized data. RESULTS A total of 21 studies were included in the meta-analysis, resulting in a sample of 13 077 men from the general population and attending fertility clinics. Data were stratified according to the total sperm count as normozoospermia, oligozoospermia and azoospermia. Standardized weighted mean differences in sperm concentration did not differ significantly across BMI categories. There was a J-shaped relationship between BMI categories and risk of oligozoospermia or azoospermia. Compared with men of normal weight, the odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for oligozoospermia or azoospermia was 1.15 (0.93-1.43) for underweight, 1.11 (1.01-1.21) for overweight, 1.28 (1.06-1.55) for obese and 2.04 (1.59-2.62) for morbidly obese men. CONCLUSIONS Overweight and obesity were associated with an increased prevalence of azoospermia or oligozoospermia. The main limitation of this report is that studied populations varied, with men recruited from both the general population and infertile couples. Whether weight normalization could improve sperm parameters should be evaluated further.
Introduction
Knowledge about concurrent substance use and other risk behaviors - as well as their determinants - in the general population is insufficient.
Objectives
To investigated ...socio-demographic, health status, and lifestyle determinants of habit-forming risk behaviors among French men and women.
Methods
We analyzed data collected in 2021–2022 from 32,622 participants (74.5% female; mean age=57.9±14.2 years) of the NutriNet-Santé web-cohort who had completed the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, the 12-item Cigarette Dependence Scale, the modified Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0, and the Internet Addiction Test. Using established cutoff values, participants were first split into 2 groups (Yes/No) for each risk behavior (alcohol use disorders, nicotine dependence, food addiction, and Internet addiction) and then placed into 3 groups (no risk behavior, 1 risk behavior (reference), and ≥2 risk behaviors) before fitting polytomous logistic regression models according to sex.
Results
Younger age (Odds Ratio: OR
male
=2.07; OR
female
=2.04), self-perceived poor health (OR
male
=2.06; OR
female
=1.61), having obesity (OR=1.56; OR
female
=1.30), lack of affection during childhood (OR
male
=1.56; OR
female
=1.39), and a lifetime prevalence or medication use for a mental disorder (OR
male
=1.73; OR
female
=1.38) were significantly associated with having ≥2 versus 1 habit-forming risk behavior in both sexes (all
p
<0.05). Results for experiencing current financial difficulties (OR
female
=1.34), self-perceived poor dietary quality (OR
female
=3.23), being underweight (OR
female
=1.58) and overweight (OR
female
=1.30) were significant only in females (all
p
<0.05). The same factors plus current e-cigarette use (OR
male
=0.54; OR
female
=0.77) in both sexes, having a higher educational attainment (OR
female
=0.75), being physically active at work (OR
female
=0.78) in females were inversely associated with having none versus 1 risk behavior (all
p
<0.05).
Conclusions
To our knowledge, this is the first study to explore determinants of concurrent habit-forming risk behaviors among men and women in a large, population-based study. The findings could serve as impetus for future research in this domain and ultimately help guide addiction prevention efforts.
Disclosure of Interest
None Declared
Early-life growth characteristics and in particular age at adiposity rebound (AR), have been shown to impact nutritional status later in life but studies investigating the association with long-term ...health remain scarce. Our aims were to identify determinants of age at AR and its relationship with nutritional status and cardiometabolic risk factors at adulthood.
A total of 1465 subjects aged 20-60 years participated in this retrospective cohort study. Height, weight, waist circumference, blood glucose, lipids and blood pressure were measured at adulthood. Childhood weight, height, gestational age, birth weight and early nutrition were collected retrospectively from health booklets and age at AR was assessed. Participants self-reported parental silhouettes. Associations were assessed using multiple linear and logistic regression.
An earlier AR was associated with higher body mass index and waist circumference at adulthood in both men and women (P<0.0001). In addition, women with an earlier occurrence of AR had higher triglyceride (P=0.001), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (P=0.001), systolic (P=0.02) and diastolic blood pressure (P=0.04) at adulthood. Both men (odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval (CI)): 0.82 (0.70-0.95)) and women (OR (95% CI): 0.84 (0.73-0.96) with an AR occurring earlier were more likely to develop a metabolic syndrome. Larger parental silhouette was associated with an earlier AR.
This long-term study showed that age at AR was associated with nutritional status and metabolic syndrome at adulthood. These results highlight the importance of monitoring childhood growth so as to help identify children at risk of developing an adverse cardiometabolic profile in adulthood. AR determinants for use in overweight surveillance were identified.
The relationship between diet quality and development of obesity is complex and unresolved. The aim of this study was to assess and compare the predictive value of six different dietary scores on ...both relative weight change and the risk of obesity after 13 years of follow-up in adults aged 45 years and older.
Six scores reflecting adherence to different nutritional recommendations (the French Programme National Nutrition Santé-Guideline Score (PNNS-GS), the Dietary Guidelines for Americans Index (DGAI), the Diet Quality Index-International (DQI-I), the Mediterranean Diet Scale (MDS), the relative Mediterranean Diet Score (rMED) and the Mediterranean Style Dietary Pattern Score (MSDPS)) were estimated in 3151 participants in the French SU.VI.MAX (SUpplémentation en VItamines et Minéraux AntioXydants) study. Associations of dietary scores with 13-year weight change were assessed through multivariate linear regression models, and obesity risk was analyzed with logistic regression, providing odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).
Except for the MSDPS, higher scores, that is, better adherence to nutritional guidelines or to a Mediterranean diet, were associated with lower weight gain in men (all P-value for trend <0.05). In addition, among men, ORs for becoming obese after 13 years associated with a 1 s.d. increase in dietary scores ranged from 0.63, 95% CI: 0.51, 0.78 for DGAI to 0.72, 95% CI: 0.59, 0.88 for MDS. These associations were weaker or not statistically significant in women.
Overall, the six dietary scores predicted obesity risk equally well. Among French adults, strong adherence to dietary guidelines appears to be protective with regard to weight gain and obesity, especially in men.
Abstract Background and aims The prevention of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) is of major concern and nutrition has been shown to modulate at least partly MetS risk. Our objective was to investigate ...whether a pro-inflammatory diet was associated with a higher risk of MetS and its components in a large cohort of French adults. Methods and results A total of 3726 participants from the Supplémentation en Vitamines et Minéraux AntioXydants (SU.VI.MAX) cohort were included in this study. The MetS status was identified at baseline and after 13 years of follow-up using self-reported medication, data from clinical investigations and biological measurements. The dietary inflammatory index (DII) was computed using repeated 24 h-dietary records (n = 10.1 ± 3.1). Logistic and linear regression analyses were conducted to assess the prospective association of the DII (as Q, quartiles) with the incidence of MetS and with the traits contributing to the MetS-definition (blood pressure, glycaemia, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, waist circumference). A diet with pro-inflammatory properties, as expressed by higher DII scores, was significantly associated with a higher risk of developing the MetS (OR comparing Q4 to Q1: 1.39, 95% confidence interval 1.01–1.92, P = 0.047). Moreover, higher DII scores were associated with higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure ( Ptrend across quartiles = 0.03 and 0.05, respectively) and triglycerides ( Ptrend = 0.01), and with lower HDL-cholesterol ( Ptrend = 0.03). Conclusion A higher DII score was prospectively associated with a higher risk of MetS, with associations with blood pressure, triglycerides and HDL-cholesterol. Promotion of a healthy diet exhibiting anti-inflammatory properties may contribute to prevent cardio-metabolic disorders.
The aim of this study was to assess the association between obesity and the risk of intensive care unit (ICU) admission and death among patients hospitalized for influenza A (H1N1) viral infection. A ...systematic review of the Medline and Cochrane databases using ‘obesity', ‘hospitalization', ‘influenza A viral infection', various synonyms, and reference lists of retrieved articles from January 2009 to January 2010. Studies comparing the prevalence of obesity among patients with confirmed infection for influenza A virus and who were either hospitalized or admitted to ICU/died were included. A total of 3059 subjects from six cross-sectional studies, who were hospitalized for influenza A (H1N1) viral infection, were included in this meta-analysis. Severely obese H1N1 patients (body mass index ≥ 40 kg m⁻², n = 804) were as twice as likely to be admitted to ICU or die (odds ration: 2.01, 95% confidence interval: 1.29-3.14, P < 0.002) compared with H1N1 patients who were not severely obese. Having a body mass index ≥ 30 kg m⁻² was similarly associated with a more than twofold increased risk of ICU admission or death although this did not reach statistical significance (2.14, 0.92-4.99, P < 0.07). This meta-analysis supports the view that obesity is associated with higher risks of ICU admission or death in patients with influenza A (H1N1) infection. Therefore, morbid obese patients should be monitored more intensively when hospitalized.
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