Background
Preservatives are important and frequent skin sensitizers, found in a wide range of products for personal and occupational use. According to the European legislation, some cosmetic ...ingredients are restricted in terms of quantity and a detailed list of ingredients must be present on the product or packaging.
Objectives
To examine the use of preservatives in common cosmetics on the Israeli market.
Materials/Methods
Sixty different Israeli brand cosmetics, including shampoos, liquid soaps, body creams and hand creams were randomly selected. Ingredient labels were examined. The products were investigated by the chromotropic acid method for release of formaldehyde and by high performance liquid chromatography for the presence of formaldehyde, DMDM hydantoin and methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone (MCI/MI) and MI content.
Results
All products but one contained a detailed list of ingredients printed on the package. According to labelling, the most prevalent preservatives in Israeli shampoos and liquid soaps were DMDM hydantoin and MCI/MI. Hand creams and body creams contained mainly parabens but also iodopropynyl butylcarbamate, phenoxyethanol and DMDM hydantoin. Formaldehyde in doses from 4 to 429 ppm, and DMDM hydantoin were detected in 38 and 16 (63% and 27%) of the products, respectively. MCI/MI was detected in 11 (18%) of the products, with highest prevalence in rinse‐ off products (55%). Excluding one hand cream which measured 106 ppm MI, the amount of formaldehyde, DMDM hydantoin, MCI/MI and MI was within the allowed concentrations by the European directive in all cases.
Conclusions
In Israel, adaptation of the European directive prevails, as shown by the measurements we performed on randomly selected products.
Patch testing is the gold standard for the validation of contact dermatitis. It relies on the subjective scoring by an evaluator of the inflammatory reaction induced by an allergen applied to the ...skin. Equivocal reactions imply faint erythema and could represent allergic, irritant, or negative reactions. They constitute approximately 1 % of the positive reactions encountered in patch test practice. Histological evaluation of the equivocal reaction has proven helpful for the correct interpretation but is however time consuming, and its invasive nature is often unacceptable to the patient. In vivo confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) is a novel, noninvasive imaging technique which permits real-time visualization of skin structures and lesions at a resolution close to that obtained by conventional histology. CLSM has been successfully applied for the differentiation between clinically clear-cut allergic and irritant patch test reactions. The objective of this study is to determine the relevance of CLSM in differentiating between allergic, irritant, and negative equivocal patch test reactions. Fifteen patients who underwent patch testing in our clinic were observed as having 20 equivocal reactions. All 20 reactions were evaluated using in vivo CLSM and compared with adjacent normal skin. In vivo CLSM evaluation revealed that 8 of the 20 equivocal reactions (40 %) showed confocal patterns consistent with the patterns encountered in positive allergic reactions. Anamnestic exposure, i.e., detailed assessment of previous related contact with these allergens, confirmed high relevance rates. In vivo CLSM is useful in differentiating between allergic, irritant, and negative equivocal patch test reactions, a differentiation that cannot be made by conventional clinical patch test reading.
Germ-line mutations in CYLD are found in patients with familial skin appendage tumours. The protein product functions as a deubiquitinase enzyme, which negatively regulates NF-kappaB and c-Jun ...N-terminal kinase signalling. Brooke-Spiegler syndrome (BSS) is characterised by cylindromas, trichoepitheliomas and spiradenomas, whereas in familial cylindromatosis (FC) patients present with cylindromas and in multiple familial trichoepitheliomas (MFT) with trichoepitheliomas as the only skin tumour type. Although described as distinct entities, recent studies suggest that they are within the spectrum of a single entity.
To investigate the mutation spectrum of CYLD and possible genotype-phenotype correlations.
25 families including 13 BSS, 3 FC, and 9 MFT families were examined and evaluated for mutations in the CYLD gene.
In total, 18 mutations in CYLD, including 6 novel mutations, were identified in 25 probands (72%). The mutation frequencies among distinct phenotypes were 85% for BSS, 100% for FC, and 44% for MFT. The majority of the mutations were insertions, deletions or nonsense mutations leading to formation of truncated proteins. All mutations were located between exons 9 to 20, encoding the NEMO binding site and the catalytic domain. Genotype-phenotype analysis failed to reveal a correlation between the types of mutations and their location within the gene and the patients' phenotypes and disease severity.
This study provides further evidence on the role of CYLD in the pathogenesis of skin appendage tumours characterised by cylindromas, trichoepitheliomas and/or spiradenomas, but the molecular mechanisms of CYLD in skin tumorigenesis and the reasons for phenotypic variability remain to be explored.
Summary
Background Monilethrix is a genetic hair shaft disorder that causes a dystrophic alopecia. Mutations causing autosomal dominant monilethrix have been found in the helix initiation and helix ...termination motifs of the type II hair keratins KRT81, KRT83 and KRT86. Mutations in DSG4 are linked to recessive transmission.
Objectives We investigated a large Tasmanian family demonstrating autosomal dominant monilethrix with incomplete penetrance in order to identify the responsible genetic mutation. As only some affected hairs were moniliform, analysis was undertaken to demonstrate a deficit in the tensile strength of nonmoniliform hairs.
Methods One hundred and twenty family members were examined. Light microscopy of hair samples was used to support clinical diagnoses. Linkage and gene sequencing studies were then undertaken. Nonbeaded fibres were analysed using the Single Fibre Analyser 3 (SIFAN 3™).
Results We identified a novel A280V (c.839C > T substitution) mutation in the coil 2A region of KRT86. This is the first mutation located in a region other than the helix initiation or termination motifs. The A280V mutation was identified in both affected and clinically unaffected family members. Nonmoniliform hairs demonstrated reduced elasticity among both affected and unaffected individuals carrying the A280V mutation.
Conclusions This is the first mutation located in a region other than the helix initiation or termination motifs, thus expanding the spectrum of mutations and highlighting the importance of molecular diagnosis in monilethrix.
Kerion celsi of the vulva: An unusual location Shreberk-Hassidim, R.; Ramot, Y.; Maly, A. ...
Journal de mycologie médicale,
December 2014, 2014-Dec, 2014-12-00, Volume:
24, Issue:
4
Journal Article
