State of health (SOH) is essential for battery management, timely maintenance, and safety incident avoidance. For specific applications, a variety of SOH estimation methods have been proposed. ...However, it is often difficult to apply these methods to other applications. In this article, a novel feature extraction method is proposed to extract health indicators (HIs) from general discharging conditions. A voltage partition strategy is used to obtain the discharge capacity differences of two cycles △ Q ( V ) from nonmonotonic or pulse discharge voltage curve, and a filtering strategy is employed to obtain smooth voltage curves under dynamic discharging conditions. The standard deviations of the discharge capacity curve and △ Q ( V ) are selected as HIs and are verified to have strong correlations to battery capacity under different datasets for three types of batteries. By using these HIs as input features, typical data-driven methods, including linear regression, support vector machine, relevance vector machine, and Gaussian process regression (GPR), are constructed to predict battery SOH. The estimation results of these methods are compared under different operating conditions for the three types of batteries. Good estimation accuracy is achieved for all these methods. Among them, the GPR has the best performance, and its maximum absolute error and root-mean-square error are lower than 1% and 1.3%, respectively.
Chemodynamic therapy (CDT) employs Fenton catalysts to kill cancer cells by converting intracellular hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into hydroxyl radicals (OH•). Although many studies on H2O2 ...supplementation have been conducted to improve the therapeutic effect of CDT, few studies have focused on the application of superoxide radical (O2−•) in CDT, which may result in better efficacy. A major concern about O2−•‐mediated CDT is its tendency to induce serious oxidative damage to normal tissues, which may be addressed by using a degradable O2−• scavenger. Here, a harmless‐harmful switchable and uninterrupted laccase (LAC)‐instructed killer (HULK) is constructed, which is the first CDT agent accelerated by LAC‐instructed O2−• generation and possesses a harmless‐harmful switchable effect because of the photodegradation of the O2−• scavenger iron‐chlorin e6 (FeCe6). LAC‐instructed substrate oxidation effectively catalyzes O2−• production with the help of intracellular reduction, thereby promoting the conversion of Fe3+ to Fe2+, accelerating the generation of OH•, and inducing tumor cell apoptosis and necrosis. The introduced O2−• scavenger FeCe6 is quickly photodegraded during irradiation, while LAC‐instructed O2−• generation proceeds as before, resulting in activatable CDT. This work not only provides the first strategy for LAC‐instructed O2−• generation but also presents new insight into activatable CDT.
A harmless–harmful switchable and uninterrupted laccase (LAC)‐instructed killer (HULK) is designed as a chemodynamic therapy (CDT) agent, which is the first CDT agent accelerated by LAC‐instructed superoxide radical (O2−•) generation and possesses harmless–harmful switchable effect because of the photodegradation of O2−• scavenger Fe‐chlorin e6, showing great potential as a safe and effective CDT agent.
Oxygen plays an essential role in the photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer. However, hypoxia inside tumors severely attenuates the therapeutic effect of PDT. To address this issue, a novel strategy ...is reported for cutting off the oxygen consumption pathway by using sub‐50 nm dual‐drug nanoparticles (NPs) to attenuate the hypoxia‐induced resistance to PDT and to enhance PDT efficiency. Specifically, dual‐drug NPs that encapsulate photosensitizer (PS) verteporfin (VER) and oxygen‐regulator atovaquone (ATO) with sub‐50 nm diameters can penetrate deep into the interior regions of tumors and effectively deliver dual‐drug into tumor tissues. Then, ATO released from NPs efficiently reduce in advance cellular oxygen consumption by inhibition of mitochondria respiratory chain and further heighten VER to generate greater amounts of 1O2 in hypoxic tumor. As a result, accompanied with the upregulated oxygen content in tumor cells and laser irradiation, the dual‐drug NPs exhibit powerful and overall antitumor PDT effects both in vitro and in vivo, and even tumor elimination. This study presents a potential appealing clinical strategy in photodynamic eradication of tumors.
A novel strategy for reducing oxygen consumption to attenuate the hypoxia‐induced resistance to photodynamic therapy (PDT) by using sub‐50 nm dual‐drug nanoparticles (ATO/VER NPs) is described. ATO has the ability of alleviating hypoxic regions and can eliminate tumors by enhancing PDT, which provides a valuable reference for research on targeted treatment of hypoxic tumor tissues.
Electroreduction of carbon dioxide (CO
) over copper-based catalysts provides an attractive approach for sustainable fuel production. While efforts are focused on developing catalytic materials, it ...is also critical to understand and control the microenvironment around catalytic sites, which can mediate the transport of reaction species and influence reaction pathways. Here, we show that a hydrophobic microenvironment can significantly enhance CO
gas-diffusion electrolysis. For proof-of-concept, we use commercial copper nanoparticles and disperse hydrophobic polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) nanoparticles inside the catalyst layer. Consequently, the PTFE-added electrode achieves a greatly improved activity and Faradaic efficiency for CO
reduction, with a partial current density >250 mA cm
and a single-pass conversion of 14% at moderate potentials, which are around twice that of a regular electrode without added PTFE. The improvement is attributed to a balanced gas/liquid microenvironment that reduces the diffusion layer thickness, accelerates CO
mass transport, and increases CO
local concentration for the electrolysis.
Electrochemical reduction of N
to NH
provides an alternative to the Haber-Bosch process for sustainable, distributed production of NH
when powered by renewable electricity. However, the development ...of such process has been impeded by the lack of efficient electrocatalysts for N
reduction. Here we report efficient electroreduction of N
to NH
on palladium nanoparticles in phosphate buffer solution under ambient conditions, which exhibits high activity and selectivity with an NH
yield rate of ~4.5 μg mg
h
and a Faradaic efficiency of 8.2% at 0.1 V vs. the reversible hydrogen electrode (corresponding to a low overpotential of 56 mV), outperforming other catalysts including gold and platinum. Density functional theory calculations suggest that the unique activity of palladium originates from its balanced hydrogen evolution activity and the Grotthuss-like hydride transfer mechanism on α-palladium hydride that lowers the free energy barrier of N
hydrogenation to *N
H, the rate-limiting step for NH
electrosynthesis.
Sleep disorder (SD) has a high incidence and seriously affects quality of life, mental health and even the manifestation of physical diseases. The combination of Pinellia ternata (Chinese name: ...banxia) and Prunella vulgaris (Chinese name: xiakucao), known as the Banxia-Xiakucao Chinese herb pair (BXHP), is a proven Chinese herbal medicine that has been used to treat SD for thousands of years due to its significant clinical effects. However, its active pharmacological components and sedative-hypnotic mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Thus, the present study used a systematic pharmacological approach to develop pharmacokinetic screens and target predictions via construction of a protein-protein interaction network and annotation database for SD-related and putative BXHP-related targets. Visualization, screening and integrated discovery enrichment analyses were conducted. The BXHP chemical database contains 166 compounds between the two herbal ingredients, and of these, 22 potential active molecules were screened by pharmacokinetic evaluation. The targets of 114 of the active molecules were predicted, and 34 were selected for further analysis. Finally, gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analyses suggested that BXHP can reduce inflammatory responses. and mediate immune-related and central nervous system neurotransmitters via regulation of multiple targets and pathways. The use of a systematic pharmacology-based approach in the present study further elucidated the mechanisms of action underlying BXHP for the treatment of SD from a holistic perspective and sheds light on the systemic mechanisms of action of Chinese herbal medicines in general.
A novel tobacco rods-derived carbon (TC) has been prepared by hydrothermal carbonization and potassium hydroxide activation strategy for supercapacitors application. The physicochemical properties of ...TC are investigated by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectra, Scanning electron microscopy, Nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and four-probe tests. Results show TC derived from different tobacco rods possesses similar properties, such as amorphous state, high specific surface area, hierarchical porous structure, numerous heteroatom groups, and good electrical conductivity. The electrochemical characteristics of TC are examined via cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge–discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements. In a three-electrode system, TC exhibits high capacitance with 286.6 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1, excellent rate performance with 212.1 F g−1 even at 30 A g−1, and outstanding cyclic stability with 96% capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles at 5 A g−1. Furthermore, TC supercapacitor devices can deliver an energy density of 31.3 Wh kg−1 at 0.5 A g−1 and power density of 11.8 kW kg−1 at 15 A g−1. Therefore, this novel concept of tobacco use, namely tobacco rods from cigarette (the harmful) to high-performance carbon for supercapacitors (the beneficial), is an extremely promising strategy for developing high-performance carbon from renewable sources, and supporting the tobacco control.
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•Tobacco rods (TR) from different producing places were used as precursors.•TR-derived carbon (TC) was prepared by hydrothermal carbonization and KOH activation.•TC possesses high SSA, hierarchical porous structure, and numerous heteroatom groups.•TC exhibits high capacitance, excellent rate performance, and long-term stability.•TR from cigarette to high-performance carbon is a novel concept of tobacco use.
The carbon-nitrogen double bonds in imines are fundamentally important functional groups in organic chemistry. This is largely due to the fact that imines act as electrophiles towards carbon ...nucleophiles in reactions that form carbon-carbon bonds, thereby serving as one of the most widely used precursors for the formation of amines in both synthetic and biosynthetic settings. If the carbon atom of the imine could be rendered electron-rich, the imine could react as a nucleophile instead of as an electrophile. Such a reversal in the electronic characteristics of the imine functionality would facilitate the development of new chemical transformations that convert imines into amines via carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions with carbon electrophiles, thereby creating new opportunities for the efficient synthesis of amines. The development of asymmetric umpolung reactions of imines (in which the imines act as nucleophiles) remains uncharted territory, in spite of the far-reaching impact such reactions would have in organic synthesis. Here we report the discovery and development of new chiral phase-transfer catalysts that promote the highly efficient asymmetric umpolung reactions of imines with the carbon electrophile enals. These catalysts mediate the deprotonation of imines and direct the 2-azaallyl anions thus formed to react with enals in a highly chemoselective, regioselective, diastereoselective and enantioselective fashion. The reaction tolerates a broad range of imines and enals, and can be carried out in high yield with as little as 0.01 mole per cent catalyst with a moisture- and air-tolerant operational protocol. These umpolung reactions provide a conceptually new and practical approach to chiral amino compounds.
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