•CoFe2O4 MNPs tested as heterogeneous catalyst for the activation of oxone.•The catalytic performance was typically affected by several key operating parameters.•The catalyst exhibited good stability ...and easily recovered with excellent reusability.•Degradation pathway was proposed according to the results of LC-MS/MS analysis.
A magnetic nanoscaled catalyst cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) was successfully prepared and used for the activation of oxone to generate sulfate radicals for the degradation of diclofenac. The catalyst was characterized by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and vibrating sample magnetometer. The effects of calcination temperature, initial pH, catalyst and oxone dosage on the degradation efficiency were investigated. Results demonstrated that CoFe2O4-300 exhibited the best catalytic performance and almost complete removal of diclofenac was obtained in 15min. The degradation efficiency increased with initial pH decreasing in the pH range of 5–9. The increase of catalyst and oxone dosage both had the positive effect on the degradation of diclofenac. Moreover, CoFe2O4 could retain high degradation efficiency even after being reused for five cycles. Finally, the major diclofenac degradation intermediates were identified and the primary degradation pathways were proposed.
► All the CBZ degradation followed the pseudo-first-order kinetics model. ► The best CBZ degradation can be achieved at different pH in the three oxidation systems. ► Coexisting anions produced ...different effect on the three oxidation systems. ► Persulfate can be applied as an alternative oxidant in water treatment.
This paper systematically investigated the performance of carbamazepine (CBZ) degradation oxone by UVC (253.7nm) irradiation in the presence of different common oxidants including peroxymonosulfate (PMS), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and persulfate (PS). The influence of oxidant dosage, initial CBZ concentrations, solution pH and coexisting inorganic anions was also evaluated. Results revealed that all the CBZ degradation followed the pseudo-first-order kinetics well. The degradation efficiency of the three UV-based processes was in the order of UV/PS>UV/H2O2>UV/PMS. The rate of CBZ degradation increased as the oxidant dosage increased and decreased as the initial CBZ concentrations increased. The maximum CBZ degradation occurred at pH 11, 3, 5 in UV/PMS, UV/H2O2 and UV/PS system, respectively. Both Cl− and CO32- can inhibit the CBZ degradation in UV/H2O2 and UV/PS system. However, adding Cl− and CO32- into UV/PMS system can increase CBZ degradation at different degrees. Comprehensively consideration of energy requirements, oxidant costs and affecting factors, UV/PS system was the most efficient and economic process for CBZ degradation and a promising technology for water treatment.
•Thermally activated persulfate (TAP) technology can decompose CBZ efficiently.•Sulfate radicals play the primary role in TAP oxidation.•The best CBZ degradation can be achieved at acidic ...conditions.•Coexisting anions and cations exhibit opposite effect on the CBZ degradation.•Six intermediate products are identified using LC–MS/MS.
Sulfate radicals-based advanced oxidation processes have been applied in water treatment and in situ chemical oxidation. Batch experiments were conducted to investigate the influencing factors including persulfate dosage, initial carbamazepine (CBZ) concentrations, solution pH, coexisting inorganic anions and cations on the decomposition of CBZ using thermally activated persulfate (TAP) technology. The results showed that TAP oxidation was efficient process for the CBZ degradation in water. The generation of sulfate radicals was accounted for the CBZ degradation in TAP system. The CBZ degradation rate constant increased as persulfate dosage increased and decreased as the initial CBZ concentrations increased. The CBZ decomposition rate decreased with the increasing pH and the best degradation occurred at pH 3. The exception was the strong alkaline condition under which a higher CBZ degradation performance was achieved. Coexisting inorganic anions slowed down the CBZ degradation to different degrees and the inhibiting effect abided by the following order: CO32->HCO3->Cl->SO42->NO3-. In contrast, coexisting cations could significantly enhance the CBZ degradation, and the promoting effect was in the order of Fe2+>Cu2+>Fe3+. In this study, six major intermediate products were generated during the TAP oxidation.
The microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of as-homogenized Mg-3Al-3Sn-1Zn (ATZ331) alloy with an initial grain size of ∼126.7 µm are studied during multi-pass high-speed rolling (HSR) ...process. The main deformation mechanism governing the microstructure is comprised of twinning and dislocation migration, Firstly, high dislocation density and twinning generated during HSR. Then, the dislocations are rearranged and incorporated as subgrain boundaries (sub-GBs), leading to a reduction of grain size with an increase in rolling pass. Results show that a fine and uniform microstructure (1.1 µm) of HSRed ATZ331 is achieved after the sixth pass, with a yield strength (YS), ultimate tensile strength (UTS), and elongation to failure (FE) of 319 MPa, 360 MPa, and 5.9 %, respectively. After being subject to HSR, low-temperature short-time annealing is carried out in order to improve ductility, which has proven to bring about sufficient static recrystallization (SRX). The SRX mechanism of ATZ331 alloy after HSR processing is found to consist of the classical recovery followed by recrystallization. Subgrains are formed by the realignment and absorption of the accumulated dislocations, which is followed by the migration of low angle grain boundaries (LAGBs) and their transformation into high angle grain boundaries (HAGBs). Finally, the sample with fine average grain size (1.7 µm) is achieved. Furthermore, the YS, the UTS, and the FE of ATZ331 are 253 MPa, 313 MPa, and 9.8 %, respectively.
•The YS, the UTS, and the FE of HSRed ATZ331 are 319 MPa, 360 MPa, and 5.9 %, respectively, and those of the samples annealed at 200 °C for 5 min are 253 MPa, 313 MPa, and 9.8 %, respectively.•The grain size of HSRed and annealed samples are 1.1 µm and 1.6 µm, respectively.•The SRX mechanisms of the ATZ331 alloy after HSR is the classic recovery followed by recrystallization.
► The pseudo-second-order model can well describe the adsorption performance of diuron onto MWCNTs. ► The Polanyi–Manes isotherm showed the best fitting with the equilibrium data. ► The thermodynamic ...parameters indicated that the adsorption of diuron onto MWCNTs was spontaneous and exothermic. ► The adsorption of diuron onto MWCNTs was found to be pH dependent and favorable under neutral and basic conditions. ► The presence of Cu2+ had different effect on the adsorption of diuron onto as-prepared and oxidized MWCNTs.
The adsorption of diuron onto as-prepared and oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) from aqueous solution has been studied through batch experiments, in which the effect of contact time, temperature, pH and coexisting Cu2+ were investigated. The adsorption performance of diuron onto MWCNTs fitted the pseudo-second-order model and apparent equilibrium was reached within 1h. The experimental data showed good correlation with Freundlich, Langmuir and Polanyi–Manes models in the range of experimental concentrations, but followed Polanyi–Manes model most appropriate. The calculated thermodynamic parameters showed adsorption of diuron onto MWCNTs was exothermic and spontaneous. Except for the introduction of oxygen-containing functional groups onto the surfaces of MWCNTs, the oxidized treatment of as-prepared MWCNTs can also increase the surface area and the pore volume, which resulted in the increase adsorption of diuron in this study. The adsorption of diuron was found to be pH dependent, and more adsorption was observed under neutral and basic conditions. The presence of Cu2+ has no significant effect on the adsorption of diuron onto as-prepared MWCNTs, on the contrary, the presence of Cu2+ can greatly decrease the adsorption of diuron onto oxidized MWCNTs. In addition, competitive adsorption was greater at higher than at lower diuron concentrations.
Ultrafine-grained microstructure was successfully obtained in Mg–6Al–3Sn–1Zn (ATZ631) alloy by multi-pass high-speed rolling (HSR) at a rolling speed of 1100 m/min and a rolling temperature of ...400 °C. The grain refinement mechanism of ATZ631 alloy during HSR was investigated, which is attributed to mechanically fragmented grains and twinning-induced dynamic recrystallization (TDRX). During the initial stages of rolling, the initial coarse grains are refined by the intersection of twins. With increasing strain, the grain refinement mechanism is the typical dynamic recovery and TDRX. In general, twins are filled with a high density of dislocations and nano-sized precipitates at the dislocations, which can accelerate DRX by increasing the driving force or particle-stimulated nucleation (PSN) within the twins. Subsequently, the coarse grains are refined by forming fine DRXed grains via dislocation entanglement, dislocation rearrangement, and dislocation absorption. As the process proceeds, grain boundaries (GBs) migration is suppressed by the precipitates at the GBs of new DRXed grains. Thus, the growth of the DRXed grains can be inhibited. Finally, ultrafine-grained microstructure with an average size of ∼116 nm is obtained. Moreover, the new grains formed by TDRX exhibit random orientation during this process, indicating that the basal texture gets effectively weakened by increasing the fraction of DRXed grains. These findings bring forward the microstructural evolution during dynamic precipitation and DRX, thus providing a novel notion for improving microstructures and grain refinement in Mg alloys.
Aloe-emodin (1,8-dihydroxy-3-hydroxymethyl-anthraquinone), derived from some Chinese edible medicinal herbs
exerts a potential anticancer activity on various cancer cells, making it a drug candidate ...for cancer therapy. Yet, the role of aloe-emodin in pyroptosis, a new type of cell death, is uncharacterized. In this study, we explored the molecular mechanisms of aloe-emodin-triggered pyroptosis. Aloe-emodin inhibited proliferation and migration and triggered caspase-dependent cell death of HeLa cells in a dose-dependent manner. Aloe-emodin caused mitochondrial dysfunction and induced pyroptosis by activating the caspase-9/3/GSDME axis. Transcriptional analysis showed extensive changes in gene expressions in cellular pathways, including MAPK, p53, and PI3K-Akt pathways when treated with aloe-emodin. This study not only identified a novel role of aloe-emodin in pyroptotic cell death, but also performed a systematical genome-wide analysis of cellular pathways responding to aloe-emodin, providing a theoretical basis for applying anthraquinone derivatives in the treatment of GSDME-expressing cancers.
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a severe interstitial lung disease with poor prognosis and high mortality rate. In the process of IPF, inflammatory dysregulation of macrophages and massive ...fibroblast aggregation and proliferation destroy alveoli, which cause pulmonary dysfunction, and ultimately lead to death due to respiratory failure. In the treatment of IPF, crossing biological barriers and delivering drugs to lung interstitium are the major challenges. In order to avoid the side effect of macrophages proliferation, we proposed, designed, and evaluated the strategy which combined macrophage depletion by intervaginal space injection and intravenous targeted therapy on bleomycin mouse model. We found that it inhibited pulmonary macrophages, reduced macrophage depletion in non-target organs, improved pulmonary drug targeting, impeded the progression of pulmonary fibrosis, and accelerated the recovery of pulmonary function. This combination therapeutic strategy shows good biosafety and efficacy, induces a targeted response, and is promising as a practical new clinical approach towards the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis.
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In this study, high-speed rolling is conducted on Mg–
x
Al–3Sn (
x
= 0, 3, 6) alloys with different reductions (20%, 40%, 60%, and 70%), at a high speed of 1100 m/min and a high temperature of ...400 °C. This process imposes a considerable reduction in a single pass. Results indicate that twinning is the primary deformation mechanism, and the prominent nucleation mechanism is twinning-induced continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX). In the initial stage, numerous twins with high dislocation density and low angle grain boundaries (LAGBs) are generated. Then, due to the insufficient time for the transformation from LAGBs to high angle grain boundaries (HAGBs), substructures and subgrains are formed within twins as the potential nuclei for recrystallized grains. Furthermore, the orientation of substructures formed by twinning-induced CDRX is decided by the initial twin style. Texture evolution reveals that DRX behavior is the main factor influencing the basal texture. ATZ331 samples exhibit the lowest maximum basal texture intensity irrespective of the rolling reductions. When the rolling reduction ranges from 20 to 60%, the maximum texture intensity of all these three alloys first decreases and then increases. However, with the further increase in the rolling reduction to 70%, the basal texture of Mg–3Sn and ATZ631 samples weakens, while that of the ATZ331 sample enhances.
Interleukin 12 (IL12) is a potent pro‐inflammatory chemokine with multifunction, including promoting cytotoxic T‐cell‐mediated killing of cancer cells. IL12‐based cancer gene therapy can overcome ...IL12's life‐threatening adverse effects, but its clinical translation has been limited by the lack of systemic gene‐delivery vectors capable of efficiently transfecting tumors to produce sufficient local IL12. Macrophages inherently excrete IL12, and tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs) are the major tumor component taking up a large fraction of the vectors arriving in the tumor. It is thus hypothesized that a gene vector efficiently transfecting both cancer cells and TAMs would make the tumor to produce sufficient IL12; however, gene transfection of TAMs is challenging due to their inherent strong degradation ability. Herein, an IL12 gene‐delivery vector is designed that efficiently transfects both cancer cells and TAMs to make them as a factory for IL12 production, which efficiently activates anticancer immune responses and remodels the tumor microenvironment, for instance, increasing the M1/M2 ratio by more than fourfold. Therefore, the intravenously administered vector retards tumor growth and doubles survival in three animal models’ with negligible systemic toxicities. This work reports the first nonviral IL12 gene delivery system that effectively makes use of both macrophages and tumor cells.
Intravenously administered polymeric interleukin‐12 (IL12) gene‐delivery vector transfects both tumor cells and macrophages to efficiently produce IL12 inside the tumor, which activates anticancer immune responses and the tumor microenvironment, leading to retarded tumor growth and prolonged animals’ survival with negligible systemic toxicities. This work demonstrates the first nonviral IL12 gene delivery making use of both macrophages and tumor cells.
