CdS/SnS and Cd1-xZnxS/SnS solar cells were fabricated. SnS films were deposited by the pulsed electrochemical deposition method using an aqueous solution containing SnSO4 and Na2S2O3. CdS and ...Cd1-xZnxS window layers were deposited by using the photochemical deposition method using an aqueous solution containing CdSO4, ZnSO4 and Na2S2O3. Both the techniques were simple, economical and advantageous for fabricating cheap solar cells. The fabricated cells showed rectification characteristics. The photovoltaic properties were measured under AM 1.5 illumination. The cells with the Cd1-xZnxS window layer show larger photocurrent than those with the CdS window layer.
Cu2O/Fe–O heterojunction solar cells were successfully fabricated by electrodeposition method. The as-deposited thin film exhibited signature Raman peaks associated to γ-FeOOH. By thermal annealing ...in air at 100–400°C, different Fe2O3 polymorphs were produced. Both as-deposited and annealed Fe–O films showed n-type conductivity with approximated band gap of 2.1–2.3eV. Resistivity was ~680Ωcm for γ-FeOOH and >700Ωcm for Fe2O3 films. Cu2O as the p-type layer was partnered with as-deposited and annealed Fe–O thin films to fabricate different heterojunctions based on Fe oxides compounds. Remarkably, all the fabricated Cu2O/Fe–O heterostructures exhibited photovoltaic characteristics (open circuit voltage, VOC=38–108mV and short circuit current density, JSC=0.74–1.58mA/cm2), although no appreciable differences were found on their solar cell parameters. The present results strongly suggest the potential of Fe–O based semiconductors for solar cell fabrication.
•FeOOH thin films were deposited by electrodeposition.•FeOOH was transformed to Fe2O3 by annealing in air.•Cu2O was electrodeposited on both as-deposited and annealed Fe–O films.•Both the Cu2O/FeOOH and Cu2O/Fe2O3 heterostructures act as a solar cell.
This paper describes the results of the experiments performed on Tandem Mirror device GAMMA 10/PDX mainly using a new “divertor simulation experimental module (D-module)” installed on one of the end ...mirror exits which is specially designed to investigate the physics of plasma detachment. The additional ICRF heating in the anchor-cells, connected to both ends of the central-cell, significantly increases the density in the both cells, which attained the generation of the highest particle flux up to 1023particles/sm2 at the end-mirror exit. H2 and noble gas injection to enhance the radiation cooling in D-module was performed and a remarkable reduction of the electron temperature (from few tens eV to <3eV) on the target plate were successfully achieved associated with the strong reduction of particle and heat flux. A significant effect of simultaneous injection with hydrogen and noble gases for detached plasma formation was recognized for the first time.
Recent progress in the study of spin–isospin responses by charge exchange
(
p
,
n
)
and
(
n
,
p
)
reactions at 300–500 MeV is reviewed with special emphases on quenching of the total Gamow–Teller ...(GT) strength at a momentum transfer
q
=
0
fm
−
1
and enhancement of the spin-longitudinal (pionic) response in quasielastic scattering (QES) at
q
≈
1.7
fm
−
1
. This progress has been made possible by the development of experimental techniques such as polarization transfer measurements for
(
p
,
n
)
reactions and quasi-monochromatic neutron beam production for
(
n
,
p
)
measurements. Currently operating
(
p
→
,
n
→
)
and
(
n
,
p
)
facilities are described.
We present a detailed method of multipole decomposition analysis to extract GT strengths from the continuum spectra of the
Zr
90
(
p
,
n
)
and
(
n
,
p
)
reactions. From the obtained GT strength distributions, a quenching factor
Q
with respect to the GT sum rule value of
3
(
N
−
Z
)
can be derived. We also describe a method to obtain the polarized cross section
I
D
i
for the QES region from a complete set of polarization transfer coefficients
D
i
j
for the
(
p
→
,
n
→
)
reaction. The peak position of the GT giant resonance, the quenching factor
Q
, and the spin-longitudinal cross section
I
D
q
are used to estimate the values for the Landau–Migdal parameters, giving
g
NN
′
=
0.6
–
0.7
and
g
N
Δ
′
=
0.2
–
0.4
, which are appropriate for the wide range
q
≈
0
–
1.7
fm
−
1
. This small
g
N
Δ
′
value leads to a large increase in pionic attraction in a large momentum transfer region. One possible consequence of this is a reduction of the critical density of pion condensation, which is briefly touched upon. Another consequence is precursor phenomena of pion condensation in the normal nuclear density which appear in the enhancement of
I
D
q
.
Basic theoretical elements, including the
Δ
isobar degrees of freedom for analyzing experimental data, are described. Treatments of the continuum in reactions as well as in nuclear structure are emphasized. The framework of the distorted wave impulse approximation as well as two-step processes using the response functions in the continuum random phase approximation is described.
The TRACER instrument (Transition Radiation Array for Cosmic Energetic Radiation) has been developed for direct measurements of the heavier primary cosmic-ray nuclei at high energies. The instrument ...had a successful long- duration balloon flight in Antarctica in 2003. The detector system and measurement process are described, details of the data analysis are discussed, and the individual energy spectra of the elements O, Ne, Mg, Si, S, Ar, Ca, and Fe (nuclear charge image -26) are presented. The large geometric factor of TRACER and the use of a transition radiation detector make it possible to determine the spectra up to energies in excess of 10 super(14) eV per particle. A power-law fit to the individual energy spectra above 20 GeV amu super(-1) exhibits nearly the same spectral index for all elements, without noticeable dependence on the elemental charge Z.
A divertor simulation experimental module (D-module) in the tandem mirror GAMMA 10/PDX was used for the study of plasma detachment. In previous studies, it was difficult to measure far-upstream ...plasma parameters in the D-module, and only electrostatic probes on the target plate were used to perform electron temperature and density measurements. To study the detached plasma structure, a Thomson scattering (TS) system and a microwave interferometer system have been installed to measure the inside plasma parameters of the D-module, and a movable electrostatic probe has been placed at the inlet of the D-module to measure the inlet plasma density and temperature. The TS system in the central cell observed the electron temperature and density of the core plasma simultaneously. These measurements revealed the entire density and temperature structure from the core plasma to the divertor plate. The line average electron density measured by the microwave interferometer showed a rollover behavior during detachment. The results indicated that the ionization region was located around the center of the D-module, and it appears to move upstream along the axis.
This paper describes the results of characterization of high heat and particle fluxes produced at the end-cell of the large tandem mirror GAMMA 10 and of the initial plasma-irradiation experiments. ...In the case of ICRF plasmas, the heat flux of 0.8MW/m2 and the particle flux of 4×1022/m2s were achieved at the end-mirror exit. The heat flux increases with the ICRF power and has a linear relationship with the stored energy. Direct ion energy analysis clarified that the parallel ion temperature can be controlled from 100eV to 400eV by changing the ICRF power. Additional plasma heating using another ICRF system in the anchor-cell significantly increases the particle flux, which gives a clear prospect of generating the higher particle flux by applying additional ICRF heating in the neighboring cells. The initial results of the plasma–gas–material interactions on a new V-shaped tungsten target were also reported.
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