High-speed photography is a powerful tool for studying fast dynamics in photochemistry, spintronics, phononics, fluidics and plasma physics. Currently, the pump-probe method is the gold standard for ...time-resolved imaging, but it requires repetitive measurements for image construction and therefore falls short in probing non-repetitive or difficult-to-reproduce events. Here, we present a motion-picture camera that performs single-shot burst image acquisition without the need for repetitive measurements, yet with equally short frame intervals (4.4 trillion frames per second) and high pixel resolution (450 × 450 pixels). The principle of this method--'motion picture femtophotography'--is all-optical mapping of the target's time-varying spatial profile onto a burst stream of sequentially timed photographs with spatial and temporal dispersion. To show the camera's broad utility we use it to capture plasma dynamics and lattice vibrational waves, both of which were previously difficult to observe with conventional methods in a single shot and in real time.
Adaptive immunity provides life-long protection by generating central and effector memory T cells and the most recently described tissue resident memory T (TRM) cells. However, the cellular origin of ...CD4 TRM cells and their contribution to host defense remain elusive. Using IL-17A tracking-fate mouse models, we found that a significant fraction of lung CD4 TRM cells derive from IL-17A-producing effector (TH17) cells following immunization with heat-killed Klebsiella pneumonia (Kp). These exTH17 TRM cells are maintained in the lung by IL-7, produced by lymphatic endothelial cells. During a memory response, neither antibodies, γδ T cells, nor circulatory T cells are sufficient for the rapid host defense required to eliminate Kp. Conversely, using parabiosis and depletion studies, we demonstrated that exTH17 TRM cells play an important role in bacterial clearance. Thus, we delineate the origin and function of airway CD4 TRM cells during bacterial infection, offering novel strategies for targeted vaccine design.
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•A significant fraction of CD4 TRM cells derive from effector TH17 cells•Maintenance of resting ex TH17 TRM cells is mediated by IL-7•Ex TH17 TRM cells play an important role in bacterial clearance
Fate-mapping studies reveal that CD4+ tissue resident-memory cells are derived from effector TH17 cells and play essential roles in response to bacterial infections.
The flight pattern of many fly species consists of straight flight segments interspersed with rapid turns called body saccades, a strategy that is thought to minimize motion blur. We analyzed the ...body saccades of fruit flies (Drosophila hydei), using high-speed 3D videography to track body and wing kinematics and a dynamically scaled robot to study the production of aerodynamic forces and moments. Although the size, degree and speed of the saccades vary, the dynamics of the maneuver are remarkably stereotypic. In executing a body saccade, flies perform a quick roll and counter-roll, combined with a slower unidirectional rotation around their yaw axis. Flies regulate the size of the turn by adjusting the magnitude of torque that they produce about these control axes, while maintaining the orientation of the rotational axes in the body frame constant. In this way, body saccades are different from escape responses in the same species, in which the roll and pitch component of banking is varied to adjust turn angle. Our analysis of the wing kinematics and aerodynamics showed that flies control aerodynamic torques during the saccade primarily by adjusting the timing and amount of span-wise wing rotation.
Summary
We studied the effectiveness of teriparatide (TPTD) for treating medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) in patients with osteoporosis and examined differences in the clinical ...outcomes following daily versus weekly TPTD. The outcomes were significantly improved in the entire patient series and the daily group.
Purpose
Teriparatide (TPTD) treatment for Stage II–III medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) in osteoporotic patients has yielded promising results in uncontrolled studies. The daily administration and the weekly administration of TPTD have been reported to improve outcomes in MRONJ. Herein, we sought to identify differences in the clinical outcomes of MRONJ patients treated with daily TPTD versus weekly TPTD.
Methods
We enrolled 13 patients and randomly assigned them to receive either of two treatments: 1×/week 56.5-μg TPTD injection for 6 months (weekly group;
n
= 6 patients after 1 dropout), or 20-μg TPTD injection daily for 6 months (daily group;
n
= 6 patients). Patients in both groups received conventional therapy plus intensive antibiotic therapy as necessary. We compared the changes in the patients’ clinical stage of MRONJ, bone metabolism, percentage of bone formation, and bone turnover markers between the weekly and daily groups.
Results
TPTD treatment with MRONJ led to partial remission or complete remission in 5 daily-group patients and 3 weekly-group patients. The MRONJ stage was significantly improved from baseline to 6 months of treatment in the entire series of 12 patients (
p
= 0.008); the weekly group did not show significant improvement, but the daily group did (
p
= 0.01).
Conclusions
This study provides the first comparison of clinical outcomes between MRONJ patients who received daily or weekly TPTD injections. Six months of treatment with TPTD realized a significant improvement of MRONJ stage in both the entire patient series and the daily group.
The mechanism of crosstalk phenomena in the shortwave infrared (SWIR) subsystem of the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer, which has six bands in the wavelength region of ...1.6-2.43 /spl mu/m, is investigated. It is found that light incident to band 4 is reflected at the detector and the filter boundary, and then transported to other bands by multiple reflections in the focal plane area. A crosstalk correction algorithm is developed to improve the spectral separation performance of SWIR. Parameters of the crosstalk model, i.e., the amount of stray light and its area of influence, are determined by image analysis. By careful investigation of SWIR images around peninsulas, lakes, and islands, the crosstalk model is validated. Therefore, the correction algorithm is implemented in the preprocessing of higher level data products.
Background
Hydrocephalus or papilledema has rarely been reported in patients with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP).
Methods
We report a 65‐year‐old woman with a ...12‐year history of CIDP presenting with progressive dementia, hallucination and deterioration of gait.
Results
Neurological examination revealed cognitive impairment, symmetric proximal and distal weakness with areflexia and muscle atrophy in the distal four limbs. The cerebrospinal fluid examination showed marked elevation of protein concentration. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed hydrocephalus and marked enlarged cervical and lumbar roots and plexus. The cervical cord and cauda equina were compressed by the swollen roots. A ventriculoperitoneal shunt resulted in reduction of the ventricles size along with improvement of her cognitive impairment.
Conclusion
In our patient with CIDP, hydrocephalus was likely caused by hypertrophic nerve roots. Our findings suggest that CIDP patients with pronounced hypertrophic nerve roots require careful observation.
Accurate attitude estimation of spacecrafts is the main requirement to provide good geometric performance of remote-sensing imagery. The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection ...Radiometer/short-wave-infrared subsystem has six linear-array sensors arranged in parallel, and each line scans the same ground target with a time interval of 356.238 ms between neighboring bands. The registration performance between bands becomes worse when attitude fluctuation occurs during a time lag between observations. Since the time resolution of the line scan is higher than that of the attitude information provided from the satellite, attitude data are estimated with a high frequency. We succeeded in correcting the image-registration error using the revised attitude information. As a result, the image distortion of 0.2 pixels caused by spacecraft-attitude jitter is reduced to less than 0.08 pixels, showing that band-to-band registration errors of a sensor with parallax observation are available to improve the image distortion caused by attitude fluctuation.
Summary
Background : Probiotics are efficacious for treating and maintaining remission of ulcerative colitis.
Aim : To conduct a randomized placebo‐controlled trial of bifidobacteria‐fermented milk ...supplementation as a dietary adjunct in treating active ulcerative colitis.
Methods : Twenty patients with mild to moderate, active, ulcerative colitis randomly received 100 mL/day of bifidobacteria‐fermented milk or placebo for 12 weeks with conventional treatment.
Results : Clinical and endoscopic activity indices and histological scores were similar in the two groups before treatment. Although improvements were significant in both groups, the clinical activity index was significantly lower in the bifidobacteria‐fermented milk than in the placebo group after treatment. The post‐treatment endoscopic activity index and histological score were significantly reduced in the bifidobacteria‐fermented milk, but not the placebo group. Increases in faecal butyrate, propionate and short‐chain fatty acid concentrations were significant in the bifidobacteria‐fermented milk, but not the placebo group. No adverse effects were observed in either group.
Conclusion : Supplementation with this bifidobacteria‐fermented milk product is safe and more effective than conventional treatment alone, suggesting possible beneficial effects in managing active ulcerative colitis. This is a pilot study and further larger studies are required to confirm the result these preliminary results.
High emissions of air pollutants from Northeast Asia are strongly influenced by air quality as well as by ecosystems. This study investigated the spatiotemporal variations in the sulfur isotopic ...ratio (δ34S) in atmospheric deposition at eleven monitoring stations in Japan from 2011 to 2016 and estimated the amount of transboundary transported anthropogenic sulfate (TRB) deposition using mass balance calculations. The δ34S of sulfate in precipitation ranged from −0.42 to +22.7‰. Sea salt (SS), TRB, and domestic anthropogenic sources (DOM) were the dominant sources of sulfate deposition in Japan. TRB sulfate deposition was largest on the Sea of Japan side, with an annual average value of 1.5 ± 0.3–6.9 ± 0.5 mg m−2 d−1 (36–44%), followed by Mt. Happo (4.5 ± 0.1 mg m−2 d−1; 88%), the Pacific Ocean side (1.5 ± 0.8, 4.3 ± 0.9 mg m−2 d−1; 24–50%), and the remote islands in the North Pacific Ocean (1.1 ± 0.2, 2.0 ± 0.8 mg m−2 d−1; 19–32%). TRB sulfate deposition on the Sea of Japan side was 2–12 times higher in winter and 1–2 times higher in summer than that of DOM. In contrast, TRB sulfate deposition on the Pacific Ocean side was 1.5–3 times higher in summer than in winter due to high precipitation levels. In Tokyo, the annual contribution from DOM sulfate deposition is approximately three times higher than that from TRB. Annual TRB sulfate deposition is lowest at Ogasawara at 1.1 ± 0.2 mg m−2 d−1, and the annual oceanic DMS contribution to sulfate deposition is high, accounting for 1.3 mg m−2 d−1 (20 ± 6%). The contribution of Asian dust was estimated to be 1–5.2 mg m−2 d−1(3–6%), which occurred in a single Asian dust event on the Sea of Japan side.
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•Spatiotemporal variations of the sulfur isotopic ratio in atmospheric deposition in Japan were investigated.•δ34S of sulfate in precipitation were seasonal variation with high in winter.•Contribution from transbundary transported sulfur deposition was larger than those of domestic sources.•Contribution from domestic sulfur deposition was larger in the Pacific Ocean site.
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