To examine the upper limit of the analyzable wavelength ranges (upper limit wavelength, ULW) of the spatial autocorrelation (SPAC) method in microtremor surveys, we have derived a formula evaluating ...stochastic errors of a phase velocity estimate obtained by the SPAC method. We then followed our previous paper to evaluate biases generated in a phase velocity estimate that come from the presence of the incoherent noise so that we could discuss which is the crucial factor determining the ULW. As a result, the incoherent noise is considered as the crucial factor. In the consequence, we proposed a formula to evaluate signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) and to determine phase velocity with the effects of the incoherent noise compensated. We used observed data to validate the above theory. Through the validation procedure, we obtained an approximation equation NULW≈ASNR, where NULW means ULW normalized by array radius and A is a constant. The parameter A took a value from about 1/2 to 2 in the cases of this study. Finally, an additional and simple analysis was executed, which indicates that the incoherent noise not only limits the SPAC analysis but also can provide benefits: they are possibly used for evaluating the attenuation of soils. A microtremor array survey with the traditional SPAC method of Okada (2003, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.9781560801740) can be a mobile tool for evaluating the very local attenuation at a site of interest (i.e., gaining a high spatial resolution), in frequency ranges suited for earthquake engineering and by using simple seismic arrays with short time observations.
Key Points
A theory suggests that the incoherent noise crucially determines the upper limit of the analyzable wavelengths of the spatial autocorrelation (SPAC) method
The presented theory has been validated based on field data
A novel use of the SPAC method is suggested and demonstrated to evaluate attenuation coefficients of soils based on the incoherent noise
A new spherical harmonic solution of the lunar gravity field to degree and order 100, called SGM100h, has been developed using historical tracking data and 14.2 months of SELENE tracking data (from ...20 October 2007 to 26 December 2008 plus 30 January 2009). The latter includes all usable 4‐way Doppler data collected which allowed direct observations of the farside gravity field for the first time. The new model successfully reveals farside features in free‐air gravity anomalies which are characterized by ring‐shaped structures for large impact basins and negative spots for large craters. SGM100h produces a correlation with SELENE‐derived topography as high as about 0.9, through degree 70. Comparison between SGM100h and LP100K (one of the pre‐SELENE models) shows that the large gravity errors which existed in LP100K are drastically reduced and the asymmetric error distribution between the nearside and the farside almost disappears. The gravity anomaly errors predicted from the error covariance, through degree and order 100, are 26 mGal and 35 mGal for the nearside and the farside, respectively. Owing to the 4‐way Doppler measurements the gravity coefficients below degree and order 70 are now determined by real observations with contribution factors larger than 80 percent. With the SELENE farside data coverage, it is possible to estimate the gravity field to degree and order 70 without applying any a priori constraint or regularization. SGM100h can be used for global geophysical interpretation through degree and order 70.
Highlights • The roots of extracted teeth showed ∼50% reduction in periodontal ligament (PDL). • Extracted teeth were cultured with a cellulose-based carrier for PDL regeneration. • The cultured ...teeth were completely covered with PDL-like filamentous tissue. • The cultured tooth surface showed positive alkaline phosphatase activity. • PDL-like tissue of extracted tooth roots could be enhanced for auto-transplantation
Background
Omalizumab, a humanized anti‐IgE monoclonal antibody, has demonstrated efficacy in patients with severe allergic asthma. However, treatment responses vary widely among individuals. Despite ...a lack of data, free serum IgE levels following omalizumab treatment have been proposed as a marker of treatment responsiveness.
Methods
In this prospective, observational study, we assessed the utility of biomarkers of type 2 inflammation in predicting omalizumab treatment responses, as determined by the absence of asthma exacerbation during the first year of treatment. Free serum IgE levels were monitored for 2 years to examine their association with baseline biomarker levels and the number of exacerbations.
Results
We enrolled thirty patients who had been treated with omalizumab for at least 1 year, of whom 27 were treated for 2 years. Baseline serum periostin levels and blood eosinophil counts were significantly higher in patients without exacerbations during the first year of treatment than in patients with exacerbations. Baseline serum periostin levels, but not eosinophil counts, were negatively associated with free serum IgE levels after 16 or 32 weeks of treatment. Reduced free serum IgE levels during treatment from those at baseline were associated with reduced exacerbation numbers at 2 years. In 14 patients who continued to have exacerbations during the first year of treatment, exacerbation numbers gradually and significantly decreased over the 2‐year study period, with concurrent significant reductions in free serum IgE levels.
Conclusion
Baseline serum periostin levels and serum free IgE levels during treatment follow‐up may be useful in evaluating responses to omalizumab treatment.
In this paper, we report the production cross-section of forward photons in the pseudorapidity regions of η>10.94 and 8.99>η>8.81, measured by the LHCf experiment with proton–proton collisions at ...s=13TeV. The results from the analysis of 0.191nb−1 of data obtained in June 2015 are compared to the predictions of several hadronic interaction models that are used in air-shower simulations for ultra-high-energy cosmic rays. Although none of the models agree perfectly with the data, EPOS-LHC shows the best agreement with the experimental data among the models.
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation is an effective periodontal regenerative therapy. MSCs are multipotent, have self-renewal ability, and can differentiate into periodontal cells. However, ...senescence is inevitable for MSCs. In vitro, cell senescence can be induced by long-term culture with/without cell passage. However, the regulatory mechanism of MSC senescence remains unclear. Undifferentiated MSC-specific transcription factors can regulate MSC function. Herein, we identified the regulatory transcription factors involved in MSC senescence and elucidated their mechanisms of action. We cultured human MSCs (hMSCs) with repetitive cell passages to induce cell senescence and evaluated the mRNA and protein expression of cell senescence-related genes. Additionally, we silenced the cell senescence-induced transcription factors, GATA binding protein 6 (GATA6) and SRY-box 11 (SOX11), and investigated senescence-related signaling pathways. With repeated passages, the number of senescent cells increased, while the cell proliferation capacity decreased;
GATA6
mRNA expression was upregulated and that of
SOX11
was downregulated. Repetitive cell passages decreased Wnt and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway-related gene expression. Silencing of
GATA6
and
SOX11
regulated Wnt and BMP signaling pathway-related genes and affected cell senescence-related genes; moreover,
SOX11
silencing regulated
GATA6
expression. Hence, we identified them as pair of regulatory transcription factors for cell senescence in hMSCs via the Wnt and BMP signaling pathways.
The cis and trans isomers of 3‐methylfentanyl and its three analogs were chemically synthesized, and these compounds were characterized and differentiated by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry ...(GC/MS), liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The cis and trans isomers of the 3‐methylfentanyl analogs were completely separated by GC/MS. Although the high temperature of the GC injection port caused thermal degradation of β‐hydroxy‐3‐methylfentanyl, the degradation was completely suppressed by trimethylsilyl derivatization. The isomers were also well separated by LC/MS on an octadecylsilyl column with 10 mM ammonium acetate and methanol as the mobile phase. The proton NMR signals were split when the hydrochloride salts of the 3‐methylfentanyl analogs were dissolved in deuterated chloroform because stereoisomers were formed by the coordination of the hydrochloride proton to the nitrogen of the piperidine ring of the 3‐methylfentanyl analogs.
Purpose
Various forms of cannabidiol (CBD)-containing products are sold in Japan. CBD is easily converted to mixtures of ∆
9
-tetrahydrocannabinol (∆
9
-THC) and its isomer, ∆
8
-THC, using household ...chemicals like diluted hydrochloric acid. This ease of production increases concerns regarding production of homemade THC mixtures. It is difficult to separate ∆
9
-THC, ∆
8
-THC, and CBD using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) on conventional silica gel. The selectivity of TLC on silver nitrate-impregnated silica gel (AgNO
3
-silica gel) differs from that of conventional silica gel. This study thus aimed to evaluate the separation ability of AgNO
3
-silica gel TLC.
Methods
To evaluate potential separation ability, standards of five THC isomers (∆
9
-THC, ∆
8
-THC, a pair of diastereomers of ∆
10
-THC, and ∆
6a,10a
-THC), CBD, CBN, and ∆
9
-THCA were analyzed by 10% AgNO
3
-silica gel TLC (developed using toluene, system A) and silica gel TLC developed using
n
-hexane/diethyl ether (8:2, v/v), system B. Then, mock homemade THC mixtures, prepared by heating crystalline CBD in acidic ethanol, were analyzed using systems A and B.
Results
System A showed clear separation between the five THC isomers and between ∆
9
-THC, ∆
8
-THC, CBD, and their by-products in the mock homemade THC mixture. However, system B did not separate some combinations of THC isomers and gave a single group-like spot to the THC mixture.
Conclusion
AgNO
3
-silica gel TLC shows high separation ability between THC isomers and among ∆
9
-THC, ∆
8
-THC, and CBD. It will thus be useful for analyzing homemade THC mixtures.
Highlights • Chiral CE/MS/MS using a chemically modified capillary was developed. • 8 amphetamine-type stimulants were well resolved within 60 min. • The repeatability of migration times was ...obviously improved. • Impurities in seized methamphetamine were clearly identified in this method.
A novel and simple method that combines an online concentration technique with an enantioseparation technique for capillary electrophoresis—namely, cation‐selective exhaustive injection and sweeping ...cyclodextrin‐modified micellar electrokinetic chromatography (CSEI‐sweeping CD‐modified MEKC)—realizes the effective enantioseparation of cationic analytes while keeping a significant increase of detection sensitivity. This technique consists of a slight modification of the basic CSEI‐sweeping MEKC. The main idea is to simply add an anionic CD as a chiral selector into the micellar buffer including sodium dodecyl sulfate, but not to change any other buffers in order to preserve the online concentration mechanism. When applied to analysis of the street drug, methamphetamine, the method achieved not only a baseline enantioseparation but also limits of detection (LODs; S/N = 3) of 70–90 pg/mL (ppt) for each isomer. This translates to a more than 10 000‐fold improvement compared to the LODs by the usual injection method. The present technique, which was made from a slight modification of CSEI‐sweeping MEKC, would give an attractive approach that is applicable to almost any analytes for which CSEI‐sweeping MEKC is applicable; all that is required is the selection of an appropriate anionic CD to be added to the micellar buffer.
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