In settings such as investing for retirement or choosing a drug plan, individuals typically face a large number of options. In this paper, we analyze how the size of the choice set influences which ...alternative is selected. We present both laboratory experiments and field data that suggest larger choice sets induce a stronger preference for simple, easy-to-understand options. The first experiment demonstrates that, in seeming violation of the weak axiom of revealed preference, subjects are more likely to select a given sure bet over non-degenerate gambles when choosing from a set of 11 options than when choosing from a subset of 3. The second experiment clarifies that large choice sets induce a preference for simpler, rather than less risky, options. Lastly, using records of more than 500,000 employees from 638 institutions, we demonstrate that the presence of more funds in an individual's 401(k) plan is associated with a greater allocation to money market and bond funds at the expense of equity funds.
Improved sample preparation has the potential to address unmet needs for fast turnaround sepsis tests. In this work, we report elasto‐inertial based rapid bacteria separation from diluted blood at ...high separation efficiency. In viscoelastic flows, we demonstrate novel findings where blood cells prepositioned at the outer wall entering a spiral device remain fully focused throughout the channel length while smaller bacteria migrate to the opposite wall. Initially, using microparticles, we show that particles above a certain size cut‐off remain fully focused at the outer wall while smaller particles differentially migrate toward the inner wall. We demonstrate particle separation at 1 μm resolution at a total throughput of 1 mL/min. For blood‐based experiments, a minimum of 1:2 dilution was necessary to fully focus blood cells at the outer wall. Finally, Escherichia coli spiked in diluted blood were continuously separated at a total flow rate of 1 mL/min, with efficiencies between 82 and 90% depending on the blood dilution. Using a single spiral, it takes 40 min to process 1 mL of blood at a separation efficiency of 82%. The label‐free, passive, and rapid bacteria isolation method has a great potential for speeding up downstream phenotypic and genotypic analysis.
We investigate how making highly consequential, highly undesirable decisions affects emotions and preference for autonomy. We examine individuals facing real or hypothetical decisions to discontinue ...their infants’ life support who either choose personally or have physicians choose for them. Findings from a multidisciplinary approach consisting of a qualitative analysis of in‐depth interviews and three laboratory studies reveal that perceived personal causality for making tragic decisions generates more negative feelings than having the same choices externally made. Tragic decisions also undermine coping abilities, weakening the desire for autonomy. Consequently, participants disliked making decisions but also resented relinquishing their option to choose.
Huwa Rog, Parhej, and Desi Dawai Iyengar, Kirti; Pelto, Pertti; Iyengar, Sharad D.
Qualitative health research,
04/2016, Volume:
26, Issue:
5
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Although more maternal deaths occur in the postpartum period, this period receives far less attention from the program managers. To understand how the women and their families perceive postpartum ...health problems, the culturally derived restrictions, and precautions controlling diets and behavior patterns, we conducted a mixed-method study in Rajasthan, India. The study methods included free listing of maternal morbidity conditions, interviews with 81 recently delivered women, case interviews with eight cases of huwa rog (postpartum illness), and interviews with nine key informants. The study showed that huwa rog refers to a broad category of serious postpartum illness, thought to affect women a few weeks to several months after delivery. Prevention of the illness involves a system of precautions referred to as parhej, which includes a distinctive set of “medicinal dietary items” referred to as desi dawai, or “country medicine,” and restrictions about mobility and work patterns of a postpartum woman. This cultural framework around the concept of huwa rog and peoples’ beliefs about it are of central importance for planning postpartum health interventions, including place of contact and communication messages.
Weak interactions have a critical role in accurately portraying conformational change. However, the computational study of these often requires large basis electronic structure calculations that are ...generally cost-prohibitive within ab initio molecular dynamics. Here, we present a new approach to efficiently obtain AIMD trajectories in agreement with large, triple-ζ, polarized valence basis functions, at much reduced computational cost. For example, it follows from our studies that AIMD trajectories can indeed be constructed in agreement with basis sets such as 6-311++G(2df,2pd) with computational effort commensurate with those from much smaller basis sets such as 6-31+G(d), for polypeptide systems with 100+ atoms. The method is based on molecular fragmentation and allows a range-specified repartitioning of intramolecular (and potentially intermolecular) interactions where noncovalent interactions are selectively assembled using a piece-wise reconstruction based on a set-theoretic inclusion–exclusion principle generalization of ONIOM. Through a simplex decomposition of molecular systems the approach efficiently provides the necessary many-body interactions to faithfully represent noncovalent interactions at the large basis limit. Conformational stabilization energies are provided at close to the complete-basis limit at much reduced cost, and similarly AIMD trajectories (both Born–Oppenheimer and Car–Parrinello-type) are obtained in agreement with very large basis set sizes, in an extremely efficient and accurate manner. The method is demonstrated through simulations on polypeptide fragments of a variety of sizes.
Nanofluids are gaining extensive attention due to their thermo‐physical properties in technological and industrial fields for controlling the effects of heat transfer. Classical nanofluid studies are ...generally confined to models described by partial differential equations of an integer order where the memory effect and hereditary properties of materials are neglected. In order to overcome these downsides, the present work focuses on studying nanofluids with fractional derivative formed by differential equations with Caputo time derivatives that provides memory effect on nanofluid characteristics. Also, investigation on natural convective flow, heat, and mass transfer of nanofluids formed by different base fluids with different shapes of copper nanoparticles past an infinite vertical plate with radiation effect is carried out. The governing fractional differential equations are solved by employing Laplace transform technique with suitable boundary conditions. The different base fluids—water (H2O), SA:sodium alginate (C6H9Na O7), and EG:ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) and different shapes of nanoparticles—blade, brick, platelet, and cylinder are considered for the study. The exact solutions are obtained for the temperature, concentration, and velocity distributions and the respective Nusselt number, Sherwood number, and skin‐friction coefficient. The influence of non‐dimensional parameters provides physical interpretations of temperature, concentration, and velocity fields, Nusselt number, Sherwood number, and skin friction in detail with the help of graphical representations. From the results, it is found that nanofluid with water‐based blade‐shaped nanoparticle exhibits more velocity and temperature distributions. Also, strengthen of fluid flow, temperature, and concentration of nanofluids are inversely correlate with fractional order derivatives.
Sphingolipids play important roles in physiology and cell biology, but a systematic examination of their functions is lacking. We performed a genome-wide CRISPRi screen in sphingolipid-depleted human ...cells and identified hypersensitive mutants in genes of membrane trafficking and lipid biosynthesis, including ether lipid synthesis. Systematic lipidomic analysis showed a coordinate regulation of ether lipids with sphingolipids, suggesting an adaptation and functional compensation. Biophysical experiments on model membranes show common properties of these structurally diverse lipids that also share a known function as glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors in different kingdoms of life. Molecular dynamics simulations show a selective enrichment of ether phosphatidylcholine around p24 proteins, which are receptors for the export of GPI-anchored proteins and have been shown to bind a specific sphingomyelin species. Our results support a model of convergent evolution of proteins and lipids, based on their physico-chemical properties, to regulate GPI-anchored protein transport and maintain homeostasis in the early secretory pathway.
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•The landscape of cellular responses to sphingolipid depletion is revealed•Ether lipids and sphingolipids are metabolically co-regulated•Ether lipids and ceramides share some biophysical properties and functions•Ether lipids and sphingolipids modulate the export of GPI-anchored proteins
Jiménez-Rojo et al. show that the structurally unrelated sphingolipids and ether lipids are metabolically co-regulated in mammalian cells and they modulate the export of GPI-anchored proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum. Common functions of these lipids are consistent with their use in GPI-anchored proteins through evolution.
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