Purpose
Online communities (OCs) are the popular social environments in which people interact by sharing resources such as information, advice and thoughts on their mutual interests. Existing ...research lacks an explanation of the reasons of participation behavior in OCs and how such participation behavior provides members with perceived benefits. This study aims to observe how social exchange theory constructs (perceived members’ support and exchange ideology) affect online community participation behavior (OCPB), and moderated by exchange ideology (EI) and perceived ties, which in turn brings perceived benefits to its participants.
Design/methodology/approach
A survey method was followed to collect data, and structural equation modeling is used with 305 valid samples.
Findings
The results highlight the significant effects of perceived members’ support on OCPB. Participation behavior in OCs has critical effect on perceived benefits. The results also identify the moderating effects of EI and perceived tie, where perceived tie was insignificant.
Originality/value
The findings from this study bridge the literature gaps in the context of OCPB by demonstrating how practitioners and OC managers can enhance perceived members’ support, which result in OCPB, and thus provide the OC users with several perceived benefits.
Interethnic variability in drug response arises from genetic differences associated with drug metabolism, action and transport. These genetic variations can affect drug efficacy as well as cause ...adverse drug reactions (ADRs). We retrieved drug-response related single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) associated data from databases and analyzed to elucidate population specific distribution of 159 drug-response related SNPs in twenty six populations belonging to five super-populations (African, Admixed Americans, East Asian, European and South Asian). Significant interpopulation differences exist in the minor (variant) allele frequencies (MAFs), linkage disequilibrium (LD) and haplotype distributions among these populations. 65 of the drug-response related alleles, which are considered as minor (variant) in global population, are present as the major alleles (frequency ≥0.5) in at least one or more populations. Populations that belong to the same super-population have similar distribution pattern for majority of the variant alleles. These drug response related variant allele frequencies and their pairwise LD measure (r2) can clearly distinguish the populations in a way that correspond to the known evolutionary history of human and current geographic distributions, while D' cannot. The data presented here may aid in identifying drugs that are more appropriate and/or require pharmacogenetic testing in these populations. Our findings emphasize on the importance of distinct, ethnicity-specific clinical guidelines, especially for the African populations, to avoid ADRs and ensure effective drug treatment.
The “like” feature on Facebook has emerged as a commonly used paralinguistic tool for communicating, and its importance as an indication of positive feelings toward the posts of others is likely to ...increase. Comprehensive research is needed into why and how users are motivated toward ‘liking’ behavior, and whether this behavior generates an intention to continue using Facebook over time. This study combines the theory of uses and gratification and a subjective norm perspective to create an integrated model that predicts liking behavior and usage intentions on Facebook. The research model is tested with data collected from online users of Facebook and the proposed model is supported by a measurement and structural model analysis based on empirical data collected from 267 Facebook users. The findings indicate that the most salient motivations for users to liking behavior are enjoyment, information seeking, social interaction, and subjective norms, and that they subsequently reinforce their continuous intention toward the Facebook. The results also revealed that subjective norms contribute strongly to the projections of liking behavior and continuous usage intention. The proposed research model contributes to global marketing research and information-technology service management by integrating personal and social motivators to understand the acceptance of social networking technologies by users in Asia. In particular, the outcomes stand to enhance the current state of knowledge of social networking site developers, managers, and organizations to improve acceptance of their services or products, development of customer support, advertising, and/or product development. The present results lay the foundation for uses and gratification theory and subjective norms model that have important theoretical and practical implications and may guide future research efforts in this context.
Caesarean delivery (C-section) has been increasing worldwide; however, many women from developing countries in Sub-Saharan Africa are deprived of these lifesaving services. This study aimed to ...explore the impact of certain socioeconomic factors, including respondent's education, husband's education, place of residence, and wealth index, on C-section delivery for women in Sub-Saharan Africa. We used pooled data from 36 demographic and health surveys (DHS) in Sub-Saharan Africa. Married women aged 15-49 years who have at least one child in the last five years were considered in this survey. After inclusion and excluding criteria, 234,660 participants were eligible for final analysis. Binary logistic regression was executed to determine the effects of selected socioeconomic factors. The countries were assembled into four sub-regions (Southern Africa, West Africa, East Africa, and Central Africa), and a meta-analysis was conducted. We performed random-effects model estimation for meta-analysis to assess the overall effects and consistency between covariates and utilization of C-section delivery as substantial heterogeneity was identified (I
> 50%). Furthermore, the meta-regression was carried out to explain the additional amount of heterogeneity by country levels. We performed a sensitivity analysis to examine the effects of outliers in this study. Findings suggest that less than 15% of women in many Sub-Saharan African countries had C-section delivery. Maternal education (OR 4.12; CI 3.75, 4.51), wealth index (OR 2.05; CI 1.94, 2.17), paternal education (OR 1.71; CI 1.57, 1.86), and place of residence (OR 1.51; CI 1.44, 1.58) were significantly associated with the utilization of C-section delivery. These results were also consistent in sub-regional meta-analyses. The meta-regression suggests that the total percentage of births attended by skilled health staff (TPBASHS) has a significant inverse association with C-section utilization regarding educational attainment (respondent & husband), place of residence, and wealth index. The data structure was restricted to define the distinction between elective and emergency c-sections. It is essential to provide an appropriate lifesaving mechanism, such as C-section delivery opportunities, through proper facilities for rural, uneducated, impoverished Sub-Saharan African women to minimize both maternal and infant mortality.
The classification of seizures and epilepsies by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE), 2017 is the most recent classification model which aimed to simplify terminologies that patients and ...their caregivers can easily understand, identify seizures that have both focal and generalized onset and incorporate missing seizures. We have exhaustively reviewed the studies, discussed its scope, outlined its limitations and gave recommendations that could help in forming subsequent reviews. We have also described the terminologies that have been replaced, redefined or removed to have a clear view of the previous and the current classification models. We have recommended the use of multidimensional classification model which incorporated the clinical semiology, disease location, etiology and associated comorbidities. The benefits of this model is for prompt diagnosis which will results into early management and then better patient outcomes. It would also have a profound effects on the kind of treatment patients might receive especially in developing countries where there are scarcity of the diagnostic techniques. Overall, in this study we have reviewed the current study on seizures and epilepsy classification model by ILAE, 2017 to clarify the descriptions and coverage, outlined some limitations and suggested recommendations.
Chromium (Cr) is a trace element and plays a significant role in fish nutrition and physiology. An experiment was designed to know the effects of Cr addition in the diets to growth and feed ...utilization in striped catfish (
Pangasianodon hypophthalmus
). Four diets with Cr (0, 2, 4, and 8 mg kg
−1
) were fed to striped catfish in aquaria with triplicate groups for 60 days. Survival, growth parameters (weight gain, WG; %WG; specific growth rate, SGR), and feed utilization (feed intake, FI; feed efficiency, FE; protein efficiency ratio, PER; feed conversion ratio, FCR) were calculated at the end of the feeding trial. Several hemato-biochemical parameters, such as hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC) and glucose level, and frequency of micronucleus (MN) formation in erythrocytes, were analyzed. The growth parameters (WG, %WG, and SGR) and feed utilization (FE and PER) increased significantly in the fish fed with 2 and 4 mg kg
−1
Cr supplemented diets. On the other hand, the growth parameters suppressed in the fish fed with 8 mg kg
−1
Cr-based diet. The polynomial regression analysis based on WG showed that 2.82 mg kg
−1
Cr supplementation in the diet is optimum for the tested fish species. The values of Hb (g/dL), RBC (×10
6
/mm
3
) and blood glucose (mg/dL) significantly decreased in the fish fed with the highest (8 mg kg
−1
) Cr-based feed. Conversely, MN frequency was significantly increased in the fish fed with 8 mg kg
−1
Cr-based diet. Overall, 2.82 mg Cr kg
−1
can be added to the diets of striped catfish for its better growth with maximum utilization of feed.
Supercritical Water-Cooled Reactors (SCWRs) conception has been developing as promising advanced nuclear systems in recent decades around the globe because of its many desirable features. It has many ...potential advantages include high thermal efficiency (~45% in comparison to ~33% efficiency of present Light Water Reactors), relative simplicity in plant construction with high power density, which eventually would decrease the investment expenses so that the reactor economy will be improved. SCWR is the only direct upgrade version of the Generation III water-cooled reactor using water as a coolant material amongst the six reactor types being studied by the GEN-IV International Forum (GIF). Generally, SCWR design is broadly categorized as (i) pressure-vessel type and (ii) pressure-tube type. Japan first suggested the pressure-vessel type concept and then by the Euratom partnership. The pressure tube idea was proposed by Canada first, and therefore it is named Canadian SCWR. These two concepts have several similar characteristics; outer pressure and temperatures, selection of steam cycle, features of materials, and heat transfer. In the present work, a critical analysis of existing SCWR conceptual designs was performed. An assessment of these land-based designs and a review of current models of nuclear submarine and ship were conducted. Also, considering the operating conditions and performance requirements of performance for ships, an optimal design of SCWR for ships was proposed. So far, pressurized water-saturated steam nuclear power plants have been demonstrated to be reliable marine power plants. Further technology and design improvements have been made to make LWR plants competitive for a large number of marine applications. The conceptual design of SCWR for ship application, which is preliminarily discussed in this paper, could represent potential progress in marine life technology. This advancement is supposed to result from a significant reduction in plant size, weight, and hopefully, capital and operating costs. The confirmation of this design necessitates extensive analysis and experiments.
•Summarized the conceptual designs of SCWR with particular focus on the Japanese, European and Canadian reactors.•Surveyed literature on the existing designs of nuclear ship and submarine.•A possible use of SCWR in marine vessels for propulsion is discussed.•The literature on the application of SCWR in nuclear ship and submarine is very limited.•Additional research is required for the application of SCWR in marine vessels.
Lignin, a major biomass component, can be an excellent source for different monomers in the polymer industry. However, the complex and heterogeneous structure of lignin poses a significant challenge ...for designing energy-efficient processes for depolymerization. As many proposed depolymerization processes are solvothermal, it is essential to understand the structure and dynamics of lignin in solution, in particular aqueous solution. Here, we utilize molecular dynamics simulations to understand the effect of water models on the structure and dynamics of different model lignin oligomers (softwood and hardwood) as a function of temperature. We have examined three different water models: TIP3P, TIP4P/Ew, and flexible SPC/Fw. We find that the diffusion constant of lignin oligomers in an aqueous solution differs significantly depending on the water model used. The diffusion constant of lignin in the TIP3P water model is almost twice as large as that in SPC/Fw and TIP4P/Ew. The softwood and hardwood oligomers adopt an extended structure in TIP3P water compared to SPC/Fw and TIP4P/Ew. Given the different levels of sensitivity of transport and structural properties of aqueous lignin on water models, it is important to take these into account when discussing results from a specific water model.
We show in simulation and experiment that the coherent coupling of electric fields between elements of a triangular photonic crystal vertical cavity surface emitting laser array can be adjusted into ...antiguided supermodes with approximately equal injection into each array element. The dominant supermodes are found by a complex waveguide mode simulation and can be identified by the number and arrangement of side-lobes of their Fourier-transformed far-field beam profiles. The supermode with all three elements in-phase is found to possess the minimum central lobe angular divergence. Measurements of the continuous wave coherently coupled properties of photonic crystal triangular arrays, nominally emitting at 850 nm, are compared to our simulations. We show that the array can be adjusted to lase in a desired supermode by varying the injection currents into each element of the array. The optical power confined within the central portion of the in-phase coupled beam is greater than that emitted from a single VCSEL which is advantageous for high-brightness applications.
Systematic reviews are ranked very high in research and are considered the most valid form of medical evidence. They provide a complete summary of the current literature relevant to a research ...question and can be of immense use to medical professionals. Our goal with this paper is to conduct a narrative review of the literature about systematic reviews and outline the essential elements of a systematic review along with the limitations of such a review.
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