Zinc oxide can be called a multifunctional material thanks to its unique physical and chemical properties. The first part of this paper presents the most important methods of preparation of ZnO ...divided into metallurgical and chemical methods. The mechanochemical process, controlled precipitation, sol-gel method, solvothermal and hydrothermal method, method using emulsion and microemulsion enviroment and other methods of obtaining zinc oxide were classified as chemical methods. In the next part of this review, the modification methods of ZnO were characterized. The modification with organic (carboxylic acid, silanes) and inroganic (metal oxides) compounds, and polymer matrices were mainly described. Finally, we present possible applications in various branches of industry: rubber, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, textile, electronic and electrotechnology, photocatalysis were introduced. This review provides useful information for specialist dealings with zinc oxide.
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•Current trends in the fabrication and application of biopolymer-based micro- and nanostructures.•Application of advanced structures in medicine, environmental protection and ...biotechnology.•Natural polymers, including lignin, chitin, cellulose, starch as well as collagen and zein.•Core-shells, hollow spheres and spherical particles: from synthesis to practical utility.•Organ-on-a-chip, lab-on-a-chip and microfluidic devices based on biopolymers.
The main focus of this review is recent advances in the preparation of bio-based nanostructures. The structures especially prepared from natural resources have recently gained an interest in researchers’ work. We summarize novel routes of application in medicine as drug delivery systems and in environmental protection. Additionally, their important practical utility in 3D and 4D printing, microfluids-based synthesis or lab-on-a-chip and organ-on-a-chip has been emphasized. Finally, we discuss possible future developments and challenges, which may in the future have and influence on industrial and scientific processes. Nanostructures can be presented in various shapes, including spheres, boxes, tubes, nanorods and nanohorns. A variety of different shapes are discussed. A significant part of this review is focused on spherical structures, which have gained great popularity because of their unique properties and unlimited potential for applications. In most cases they are prepared using inorganic, organic compounds or hybrid materials. Recently there has been increasing interest in the fabrication of bio-based nanostructures. Natural polymers, including lignin, chitin, cellulose, starch, as well as peptides (e.g. collagen or zein) can serve as substrates for the production of such particles. These materials are often plant derivatives or by-products of industrial processes, and are cheap and environmentally friendly. Being nontoxic and biocompatible, they offer possible uses in contrast imaging, as sensors, and as selfcleaning and anticorrosion surfaces. More of the potential application routes are also described.
Molluscan hemolymph is a unique kind of body fluid, which in many respects is analogous to human blood, although there are several crucial differences. Here, for the first time, we critically analyze ...the prospects for applications of this fluid in modern biomaterials science. Particular attention is paid to the biochemistry and chemistry of molluscan hemolymph, as well as to hemocytes and hemocyanins as key functional players within this unique biological fluid. We focus on hemocytes as multifunctional hemolytic cells involved in immune response, and especially in the biomineralization process. The next part of the review contains a discussion of molluscan shell formation and regeneration from different points of view. Finally, we consider the challenges, solutions, and future directions in the application of molluscan hemolymph for bioinspired material chemistry and biomedicine.
In recent years, enzyme immobilization has been presented as a powerful tool for the improvement of enzyme properties such as stability and reusability. However, the type of support material used ...plays a crucial role in the immobilization process due to the strong effect of these materials on the properties of the produced catalytic system. A large variety of inorganic and organic as well as hybrid and composite materials may be used as stable and efficient supports for biocatalysts. This review provides a general overview of the characteristics and properties of the materials applied for enzyme immobilization. For the purposes of this literature study, support materials are divided into two main groups, called Classic and New materials. The review will be useful in selection of appropriate support materials with tailored properties for the production of highly effective biocatalytic systems for use in various processes.
We may currently observe an important trend in the search for environmentally friendly renewable resources. Biomass is undoubtedly a source of such material. An especially valuable by-product of the ...paper industry is lignin – a biopolymer with a unique chemical structure. The controlled activation or modification of lignin can be used to generate components with designed properties. Additionally, lignin can be activated using green solvents – represented by ionic liquids – to generate materials for the design of polymer composites and pro-ecological abrasive materials. Another interesting area of application is active platforms for biosensors. Use has also been made of lignin and its derivatives in the removal of environmentally toxic metals and certain organic compounds (herbicides, phenol and its derivatives, pharmacologically active substances) from wastewater.
This review emphasizes recent advances in the use of ionic liquids to dissolve or activate lignin. A significant contribution is represented by the material concerning the design of hybrid systems with the use of lignin treated with ionic liquids. New directions of development in the field are also indicated.
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•Dissolution of lignin or its extraction from biomass using ionic liquids•Ionic liquids as effective activators/modifiers of lignin and its derivatives•Lignin as a bio-based renewable platform for obtaining highly advanced products•Fabrication of hybrid materials containing lignin with the use of ionic liquids
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•Extreme Biomimetic approach for the development of a novel non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensor was used.•CuO-chitosan nanocomposites obtained by hydrothermal methods were ...used as modifier glassy carbon electrode.•The CuO-CS/GCE sensor was used for glucose detection.•The CuO-CS/GCE sensor displays high sensitivity of 503 μA mM cm−2.
This work presents an Extreme Biomimetic approach for the development of a novel non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensor based on modification of a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with CuO-chitosan nanocomposite. The impact of the synthesis conditions on the structure of the formed CuO-chitosan nanocomposites was analyzed in detail using a variety of analytical techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). To investigate electrocatalytic activity towards glucose oxidation and to optimize the synthesis process, the modified electrodes (CuO-CS/GCE) were tested by amperometric and potentiometric methods The CuO-CS sensor based on CuO-CS_100 Exhibits 20% better electrocatalytic activity than a CuO sensor with CuO obtained under the same process conditions. The CuO-CS/GCE sensor for glucose oxidation displays high sensitivity (503 μA mM cm−2) with a high detection limit (LOD of 11 μM), short response time (within 6 s), and very good long-term stability and reproducibility. Electrochemical measurements confirmed that the CuO-chitosan nanocomposite obtained after 18 h of hydrothermal reaction at 100 °C was the most efficient modifier of GCE. These results clearly indicate that the novel CuO-CS/GCE sensor is very promising for future application in devices used to detect glucose in biological fluids.
Magnesium hydroxide and magnesium oxide are compounds with favourable and unique properties, leading to a broad range of opportunities for their use in science, and above all in practical ...applications.
This review describes methods of synthesising both Mg(OH)2 and MgO, including precipitation, solvothermal and hydrothermal processes, the sonochemical technique, the sol-gel, electrochemical and microwave methods, and paths based on calcination of magnesite, carbonatisation, and chemical vapour deposition.
This comprehensive literature study provides extensive information on the properties and applications of these compounds and methods by which they may be obtained and modified. Reference is made to possibilities of using magnesium hydroxide as, among others, an antibacterial agent, a neutraliser of pollutants in fresh and wastewater, and a component of membranes, but the greatest detail is given in relation to the use of Mg(OH)2 as a flame retardant. Magnesium oxide, in turn, is characterised as an antibacterial agent and as a fire-resistant and insulating material. Particular attention is given to questions relating to the use of MgO as an adsorbent, as an active catalyst, and as a catalyst support.
The latest developments in methods of modification of magnesium hydroxide and magnesium oxide, divided into those carried out using organic compounds and those using inorganic compounds and metals, are also presented.
A critical assessment of the current state of knowledge is presented, as well as indications of new directions for further research into the development of magnesium hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide.
This review is a source of scientific as well as practical information on the possible applications of Mg(OH)2 and MgO at the present time and methods of obtaining them, in the light of available and applied research techniques and discoveries made to date in the field of advanced powder technology.
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•Synthesis of multifunctional magnesium hydroxide and oxide by different method•Modification methods of Mg(OH)2 and MgO using organic and inorganic compounds•Possible paths of application of Mg(OH)2 and MgO
In this work, the β-cyclodextrins (βCD) grafted on magnetite@polynorepinephrine (Fe
3
O
4
@PNE) nanomaterial with glucose oxidase (GOx) from
Aspergillus niger
was presented. The electroactive ...nanoplatform was used to construct rapid response and long-live time biosensor for qualitative and quantitative glucose determination. The nanomaterial was deposited on the screen-printed electrode (SPE) and integrated with the potentiostat in tandem with a portable devices. The methodology may affect its relatively low unit cost, miniaturization aspect, and electrode system integrity. The potential usage is intended for advanced diabetes care with a focus on the point-of-care testing idea. The cyclic voltammetry and amperometry were used for electrochemical characterization. The presented SPE/Fe
3
O
4
@PNE@βCD-GOx biosensor enabled measurements in a wide range of concentrations (0.1–30.0 mM), an enhanced sensitivity (204.82 µA mM
− 1
cm
− 2
), a low limit of detection (3.2 µM), and a rapid response (2.6 s). Moreover, the proposed sensor achieved long-term stability, up to 11 months. Testing on real samples (human blood, human serum, infusion fluids) showed recovery in range from 95.5 to 98.6%. The outcomes demonstrated that this biosensor has great potential for use in determining the amount of glucose in a biological fluids and commercial products. The novelty of this work would largely consist of the possibility of qualitative and quantitative measurements of glucose in real human samples with a long time stability. This portable system enables mobile diagnostics tests including point-of-care testing idea. Due to the applied β-cyclodextrins on the surface of the novel polynorepinephrine biopolymer coating, selectivity, stability, and sensitivity were improved.
Graphical Abstract
Herein, we present a novel biosensor based on nature-inspired poly(caffeic acid) (PCA) grafted to magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles with glucose oxidase (GOx) from Aspergillus niger via adsorption ...technique. The biomolecular corona was applied to the fabrication of a biosensor system with a screen-printed electrode (SPE). The obtained results indicated the operation of the system at a low potential (0.1 V). Then, amperometric measurements were performed to optimize conditions like various pH and temperatures. The SPE/Fe3O4@PCA-GOx biosensor presented a linear range from 0.05 mM to 25.0 mM, with a sensitivity of 1198.0 μA mM−1 cm−2 and a limit of detection of 5.23 μM, which was compared to other biosensors presented in the literature. The proposed system was selective towards various interferents (maltose, saccharose, fructose, L-cysteine, uric acid, dopamine and ascorbic acid) and shows high recovery in relation to tests on real samples, up to 10 months of work stability. Moreover, the Fe3O4@PCA-GOx biomolecular corona has been characterized using various techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Bradford assay.
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