This study aims to investigate the protective effects of gastrodin (GSTD), a natural compound isolated from the root of Gastrodia elata BL., on ethanol-induced liver injury and apoptosis in HepG2 ...cells and animal models. For in vitro studies, GSTD was used to pre-treat the cells for 4 h followed by 600 mM of ethanol co-administration for 24 h. Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) of Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats was induced by chronic ethanol-feeding plus a single dose (5 g/kg) of acute ethanol administration, GSTD at different doses were co-administered for 8 weeks. For acute liver injury experiment of ICR mice, GSTD (100 mg/kg/d) was pre-treated for 3 d followed by ethanol administration (5 g/kg) for 3 times. The results showed that GSTD protects HepG2 cells from ethanol-induced toxicity, injury, and apoptosis significantly. Co-administered with ethanol, GSTD prevented the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, reduced the release cytochrome c from mitochondria, and inhibited the activation of caspase-3 in HepG2 cells. In SD rats induced by chronic ethanol-feeding, GSTD significantly restored liver function and ameliorated pathological changes of the liver. In rat liver, GSTD greatly suppressed the activation of caspase-3 and inhibited hepatocellular apoptosis. In ethanol-induced acute liver injury of ICR mice, GSTD reduced liver acetaldehyde and suppressed the up-regulation of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and CYP2E1 significantly. Our results demonstrate that GSTD is efficacious in protecting liver cells from ethanol-induced injury and apoptosis; it may be useful for the development of novel agents for the treatment of ALD in the future.
Regulating both the chemo‐ and diastereoselectivity, divergently, of a reaction is highly attractive but extremely challenging. Presented herein is a catalyst‐controlled switch in the chemo‐ and ...diastereodivergent annulation reactions of Morita–Baylis–Hillman carbonates, derived from isatins and 2‐alkylidene‐1H‐indene‐1,3(2H)‐diones, in exclusive α‐regioselectivity. α‐Isocupreine efficiently catalyzed 2+1 reactions to access cyclopropane derivatives, and the diastereodivergent 3+2 annulations were accomplished by employing either a chiral phosphine or a DMAP‐type molecule. All reactions exhibited excellent chemoselectivities, and good to remarkable stereoselectivities were furnished, thus leading to a collection of compounds with skeletal and stereogenic diversity. Moreover, DFT computational calculations elucidated the catalyst‐based switch in mechanism.
Switching it up: The title reactions have been accomplished by employing different chiral Lewis base catalysts, thus resulting in a broad collection of chiral compounds with high structural and stereochemical diversity (see scheme). DFT calculations indicate that the structure of Lewis base plays a key role in controlling the chemo‐ and diastereoselectivity. Boc=tert‐butoxycarbonyl.
Root development relies on the establishment of meristematic tissues that give rise to distinct cell types that differentiate across defined temporal and spatial gradients. Dissection of the ...developmental trajectories and the transcriptional networks that underlie them could aid understanding of the function of the root apical meristem in both dicots and monocots. Here, we present a single-cell RNA (scRNA) sequencing and chromatin accessibility survey of rice radicles. By temporal profiling of individual root tip cells we reconstruct continuous developmental trajectories of epidermal cells and ground tissues, and elucidate regulatory networks underlying cell fate determination in these cell lineages. We further identify characteristic processes, transcriptome profiles, and marker genes for these cell types and reveal conserved and divergent root developmental pathways between dicots and monocots. Finally, we demonstrate the potential of the platform for functional genetic studies by using spatiotemporal modeling to identify a rice root meristematic mutant from a cell-specific gene cohort.
Eosin Y, a well‐known economical alternative to metal catalysts in visible‐light‐driven single‐electron transfer‐based organic transformations, can behave as an effective direct hydrogen‐atom ...transfer catalyst for C−H activation. Using the alkylation of C−H bonds with electron‐deficient alkenes as a model study revealed an extremely broad substrate scope, enabling easy access to a variety of important synthons. This eosin Y‐based photocatalytic hydrogen‐atom transfer strategy is promising for diverse functionalization of a wide range of native C−H bonds in a green and sustainable manner.
Neutral eosin Y has been employed as an effective direct hydrogen‐atom transfer photocatalyst to activate a wide range of native C−H bonds in a green and sustainable fashion. This transformation is distinguished by its operational simplicity and amenability to large‐scale synthesis using continuous‐flow technology (EWG=aldehyde, ketone, ester, amide, imide, cyanide, sulfone, nitro, pyridine).
Food corruption and spoilage caused by food-borne pathogens and microorganisms is a serious problem. As a result, the demand for antibacterial drugs in food packaging is growing. In this review, ...biodegradable and non-biodegradable materials for food packaging are discussed based on their properties. Most importantly, antibacterial agents are essential to inhibit the growth of bacteria in food. To keep food fresh and prolong the shelf life, different kinds of antibacterial agents were used. The composition and application of natural antibacterial agents and synthetic antibacterial agents are discussed. Compared with natural antibacterial agents, synthetic antibacterial agents have the advantages of low cost and high activity, but their toxicity is usually higher than that of natural antibacterial agents. Finally, future development of antimicrobial food packaging is proposed. It is an urgent problem for researchers to design and synthesize antibacterial drugs with high efficiency and low toxicity.
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bstract
The chase of universal bounds on diffusivities in strongly coupled systems and holographic models has a long track record. The identification of a universal velocity scale, independent of ...the presence of well-defined quasiparticle excitations, is one of the major challenges of this program. A recent analysis, valid for emergent IR fixed points exhibiting local quantum criticality, and dual to IR AdS
2
geometries, suggests to identify such a velocity using the time and length scales at which hydrodynamics breaks down — the equilibration velocity. The latter relates to the radius of convergence of the hydrodynamic expansion and it is extracted from a collision between a hydrodynamic diffusive mode and a non-hydrodynamic mode associated to the IR AdS
2
region. In this short note, we confirm this picture for holographic systems displaying the spontaneous breaking of translational invariance. Moreover, we find that, at zero temperature, the lower bound set by quantum chaos and the upper one defined by causality and hydrodynamics exactly coincide, determining uniquely the diffusion constant. Finally, we comment on the meaning and universality of this newly proposed prescription.
Uncontrolled dendrites growth and serious parasitic reactions in aqueous electrolytes, greatly hinder the practical application of aqueous zinc‐ion battery. On the basis of in situ‐chemical ...construction and performance‐improving mechanism, multifunctional fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) is introduced into aqueous electrolyte to construct a high‐quality and ZnF2‐riched inorganic/organic hybrid SEI (ZHS) layer on Zn metal anode (ZMA) surface. Notably, FEC additive can regulate the solvated structure of Zn2+ to reduce H2O molecules reactivity. Additionally, the ZHS layer with strong Zn2+ affinity can avoid dendrites formation and hinder the direct contact between the electrolyte and anode. Therefore, the dendrites growth, Zn corrosion, and H2 evolution reaction on ZMA in FEC‐included ZnSO4 electrolyte are highly suppressed. Thus, ZMA in such electrolyte realize a long cycle life over 1000 h and deliver a stable coulombic efficiency of 99.1 % after 500 cycles.
Multifunctional FEC is introduced into aqueous electrolyte to produce a ZnF2‐riched inorganic/organic hybrid SEI (ZHS) layer on Zn metal anode (ZMA) surface. The hydrolysate of FEC can favorably regulate the solvated structure of Zn2+ to restrict the H2O‐related parasitic reactions. The in situ formed ZHS layer not only realize uniform Zn deposition, but also suppresses ZMA corrosion.
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•A facile quasi-polymeric calcinations method is used to synthesize the p-n type LaFeO3/g-C3N4 heterostructured hybrid.•Deposition of nanosized g-C3N4 on LaFeO3 microsphere slowed ...electron-hole recombination and upped charge carriers’ lifetime.•P-n type LaFeO3/g-C3N4 heterostructured hybrid had much higher photocatalytic activity than pristine g-C3N4 and LaFeO3.•A Z-scheme charge carrier transfer pathway proposed based on solid p-n heterojunction interfacial interaction.
Materials of perovskite-type structure have attracted considerable attention for their applications in photocatalysis. In this study, a novel composite of p-type LaFeO3 microsphere coated with n-type nanosized graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets was constructed by the quasi-polymeric calcination method with the aid of electrostatic self-assembly interaction. Results indicate that the LaFeO3/g-C3N4p-n heterostructured photocatalyst obtained, in contrast to the pure constituents, enabled improved visible-light absorption, and more efficient separation and migration of charge carriers via solid p-n heterojunction interfacial effect. Correspondingly, the LaFeO3/g-C3N4 composite allowed for higher visible-light-responsive photocatalytic activity for the degradation of Brilliant Blue, which was 16.9 and 7.8 times that of pristine g-C3N4 and LaFeO3, respectively. The photocatalytic degradation of Brilliant Blue was ascribed to the combined contributions of the photogenerated holes (h+), superoxide radicals (O2−) and hydroxyl radicals (OH). Based on solid p-n heterojunction interfacial interaction, a Z-scheme charge carrier transfer pathway integrated with the dye-sensitization effect is proposed as the underlying mechanism of the photocatalytic reaction process. Therefore, we believe that the perovskite-type LaFeO3/g-C3N4 Z-scheme photcatalyst promotes the development of photocatalysis and holds much promise for environmental remediation.
The solar‐driven CO2 reduction is a challenge in the field of “artificial photosynthesis”, as most catalysts display low activity and selectivity for CO2 reduction in water‐containing reaction ...systems as a result of competitive proton reduction. Herein, we report a dinuclear heterometallic complex, CoZn(OH)L1(ClO4)3 (CoZn), which shows extremely high photocatalytic activity and selectivity for CO2 reduction in water/acetonitrile solution. It achieves a selectivity of 98 % for CO2‐to‐CO conversion, with TON and TOF values of 65000 and 1.8 s−1, respectively, 4, 19, and 45‐fold higher than the values of corresponding dinuclear homometallic CoCo(OH)L1(ClO4)3 (CoCo), ZnZn(OH)L1(ClO4)3 (ZnZn), and mononuclear CoL2(CH3CN)(ClO4)2 (Co), respectively, under the same conditions. The increased photocatalytic performance of CoZn is due to the enhanced dinuclear metal synergistic catalysis (DMSC) effect between ZnII and CoII, which dramatically lowers the activation barriers of both transition states of CO2 reduction.
In sync with zinc: A dinuclear heterometallic CoZn catalyst shows much higher photocatalytic activity than the corresponding dinuclear homometallic CoCo and ZnZn catalysts, or the mononuclear Co and Zn catalysts for CO2 reduction under the same conditions. The high performance of the CoZn catalyst is due to the enhanced dinuclear metal synergistic catalysis (DMSC) effect between ZnII and CoII.
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