Triggered by the endogenous chemical energy in the tumor microenvironment (TME), chemodynamic therapy (CDT) as an emerging non‐exogenous stimulant therapeutic modality has received increasing ...attention in recent years. The chemodynamic agents can convert internal hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into the lethal reactive oxygen species (ROS) hydroxyl radicals (•OH) for oncotherapy. Compared with other therapeutic modalities, CDT possesses many notable advantages, such as tumor‐specific, highly selective, fewer systemic side effects, and no need for external stimulation. Nevertheless, mild acid pH, low H2O2 content, and overexpressed reducing substance in TME severely suppressed the CDT efficiency. With the rapid development of nanotechnology, some kinds of nanomaterials have been utilized with improved CDT efficiency. In particular, the excellent photo‐, ultrasound‐, magnetic‐, and other stimuli‐response properties of nanomaterials make it possible for combination cancer therapy of CDT with other therapeutic modalities, and it has shown superior anti‐cancer activity than monotherapies. Therefore, it is necessary to summarize the application of nanomaterial‐based chemodynamic cancer therapy. In this review, the various nanomaterials‐based nanoplatforms for CDT and its combinational therapies are summarized and discussed, aiming to provide inspiration for the design of better‐quality agents to promote the CDT development and lay the foundation for its future conversion to clinical applications.
Chemodynamic therapy (CDT) is an emerging non‐exogenous stimulant therapeutic modality and has drawn increasing attention in recent years. In particular, varieties of nanomaterials have been utilized in CDT with encouraging therapeutic efficiency. The latest progress on CDT‐involved combined therapy is overviewed, aiming to provide inspiration for the design of better‐quality agents and hoping to promote CDT future clinical conversion.
The main goal of the current study was to investigate the membrane fouling mechanism of aerobic granular sludge (AGS) with various AGS sizes. In this regard, AGSs were sieved into 6 levels: 0∼0.5, ...0.5∼0.7, 0.7∼1, 1∼1.2, 1.2∼1.7 mm and larger than 1.7 mm, then filtrated by a small dead-end filtration cell. Interestingly, there appeared a critical AGS size (1∼1.2 mm) for membrane fouling. Above 1.2 mm, flux increased and fouling reduced with size, due to the loose cake layer and high permeability caused by larger AGS. Below 1 mm, for smaller AGS, higher flux and lower fouling appeared, because less extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) formed and adhered onto AGS foulants. In the critical size, membrane fouling was serious to the most extent, on account of the dual role of the compact structure of cake fouling layer and the adhesion of EPS. Moreover, this critical AGS size also possessed the highest cake layer, pore blocking and irreversible fouling, which generally existed in various operational conditions. Besides, the results of SEM, AFM, hydrophilicity and ATR-FTIR also proved that the existence of the maximum membrane fouling at the critical AGS size. This study provides a deep understanding of the membrane fouling mechanisms of AGS in membrane filtration and is beneficial for developing a new membrane fouling mitigation strategy by terms of regulating AGS size.
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•Membrane fouling mechanisms of AGS with various AGS sizes were studied.•Interestingly, there appeared a critical AGS size (1–1.2 mm) for membrane fouling.•Above or below critical AGS size, fouling reduced as the size increase or decrease.•For the fouling resistance, pore blocking was higher than cake layer.•The micromorphology of fouled membrane was used to analyze critical AGS size.
► Cellulose nanocrystals and nanofibrils isolated from rice straw yielded up to 20%. ► Isolation by acid hydrolysis, blending and TEMPO oxidation was compared. ► Nanocellulose showed distinctly ...different sizes and surfaces. ► Nanocellulose had cellulose Iβ crystalline structure with crystallinity up to 91%. ► Nanocellulose self assembled into 153–440nm fibers upon rapid freezing and drying.
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and nanofibrils (CNFs) have been isolated from pure rice straw cellulose via sulfuric acid hydrolysis, mechanical blending and TEMPO-mediated oxidation to 16.9%, 12% and 19.7% yields, respectively. Sulfuric acid hydrolysis produced highly crystalline (up to 90.7% CrI) rod-like (3.96–6.74nm wide, 116.6–166nm long) CNCs with similarly negative surface charges (−67 to −57mV) and sulfate contents but decreasing yields and dimensions with longer hydrolysis time. Mechanical defibrillated CNFs were 82.5% crystalline and bimodally distributed in sizes (2.7nm wide and 100–200nm long; 8.5nm wide and micrometers long). TEMPO mediated oxidation liberated the most uniform, finest (1.7nm) and micrometer long, but least crystalline (64.4% CrI) CNFs. These nanocellulose self-assembled into submicron (153–440nm wide) fibers of highly crystalline (up to 90.9% CrI) cellulose Iβ structure upon rapid freezing (−196°C) and freeze-drying. The self-assembling behaviors were analyzed based on nanocellulose dimensions, specific surfaces and surface chemistries.
Successful research writers construct texts by taking a novel point of view toward the issues they discuss while anticipating readers’ imagined reactions to those views. This intersubjective ...positioning is encompassed by the term stance and, in various guises, has been a topic of interest to researchers of written communication and applied linguists for the past three decades. Recognizing that academic writing is less objective and “author evacuated” than Geertz and others once supposed, analysts have sought to identify the ways that writers use language to acknowledge and construct social relations as they negotiate agreement of their interpretations of data with readers. Despite prolonged and widespread curiosity concerning the notion of stance, however, together with an interest in the gradual evolution of research genres more generally, very little is known of how it has changed in recent years and whether such changes have occurred uniformly across disciplines. In this article we set out to explore these issues. Drawing on a corpus of 2.2 million words taken from the top five journals in each of four disciplines at three distinct time periods, we seek to determine whether authorial projection has changed in academic writing over the past 50 years.
Two mixed‐metal gallium iodate fluorides, namely, α‐ and β‐Ba2GaF4(IO3)2(IO3) (1 and 2), have been designed by the aliovalent substitutions of α‐ and β‐Ba2VO2F2(IO3)2(IO3) (3 and 4) involving one ...cationic and two anionic sites. Both 1 and 2 display large second‐harmonic generation responses (≈6×KH2PO4 (KDP)), large energy band gaps (4.61 and 4.35 eV), wide transmittance ranges (≈0.27–12.5 μm), and high relevant laser‐induced damage thresholds (29.7× and 28.3×AgGaS2, respectively), which indicates that 1 and 2 are potential second‐order nonlinear optical materials in the ultraviolet to mid‐infrared. Our studies propose that three‐site aliovalent substitution is a facile route for the discovery of good NLO materials.
Trading places: Two new nonlinear optical materials, α‐ and β‐Ba2GaF4(IO3)2(IO3) (1 and 2), were designed via three‐site aliovalent substitution of VO4F2 in α‐ and β‐Ba2VO2F2(IO3)2(IO3) by GaO2F4. The new materials display large second‐harmonic generation responses (≈6×KH2PO4 (KDP)), wide energy band gaps (4.61 and 4.35 eV), and high laser damage thresholds (29.7× and 28.3× relative to that of AgGaS2).
Abstract
Metadiscourse has received considerable attention in recent years as a way of understanding the rhetorical negotiations involved in academic writing. But while a useful tool in revealing ...something of the dynamic interactions which underlie persuasive claim making, it has little to say about the role of nouns in this process. We address this gap by exploring the rhetorical functions of what we call metadiscursive nouns (such as fact, analysis, belief) and by mapping them onto a model of metadiscourse. The study examines ‘metadiscursive noun + post-nominal clause’ patterns, one of the most frequent structures containing such nouns, in a corpus of 120 research articles across six disciplines. Developing a rhetorically based classification and exploring the interactive and interactional use of metadiscursive nouns, we show that they are another key element of metadiscourse, offering writers a way of organizing discourse into a cohesive flow of information and of constructing a stance towards it. These interactions are further shown to realize the epistemological assumptions and rhetorical practices of particular disciplines.
To date, ionic conducting hydrogel attracts tremendous attention as an alternative to the conventional rigid metallic conductors in fabricating flexible devices, owing to their intrinsic ...characteristics. However, simultaneous realization of high stiffness, toughness, ionic conductivity, and freezing tolerance through a simple approach is still a challenge. Here, a novel highly stretchable (up to 660%), strong (up to 2.1 MPa), tough (5.25 MJ m−3), and transparent (up to 90%) ionic conductive (3.2 S m−1) organohydrogel is facilely fabricated, through sol–gel transition of polyvinyl alcohol and cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) in dimethyl sulfoxide‐water solvent system. The ionic conductive organohydrogel presents superior freezing tolerance, remaining flexible and conductive (1.1 S m−1) even at −70 °C, as compared to the other reported anti‐freezing ionic conductive (organo)hydrogel. Notably, this material design demonstrates synergistic effect of CNFs in boosting both mechanical properties and ionic conductivity, tackling a long‐standing dilemma among strength, toughness, and ionic conductivity for the ionic conducting hydrogel. In addition, the organohydrogel displays high sensitivity toward both tensile and compressive deformation and based on which multi‐functional sensors are assembled to detect human body movement with high sensitivity, stability, and durability. This novel organohydrogel is envisioned to function as a versatile platform for multi‐functional sensors in the future.
A polyvinyl alcohol/cellulose nanofibril organohydrogel with simultaneously improved strength, toughness, and ionic conductivity is rationally designed. The organohydrogel shows outstanding freezing tolerance while maintains high ionic conductivity (1.1 S m−1) at −70 °C due to the presence of high dielectric dimethyl sulfoxide‐water binary solvent. The organohydrogel demonstrates great promise in serving as multi‐functional sensors under extreme conditions.
Exploring advanced strategies in alleviating the thermal runaway of lithium‐metal batteries (LMBs) is critically essential. Herein, a novel electrolyte system with thermoresponsive characteristics is ...designed to largely enhance the thermal safety of 1.0 Ah LMBs. Specifically, vinyl carbonate (VC) with azodiisobutyronitrile is introduced as a thermoresponsive solvent to boost the thermal stability of both the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and electrolyte. First, abundant poly(VC) is formed in SEI with thermoresponsive electrolyte, which is more thermally stable against lithium hexafluorophosphate compared to the inorganic components widely acquired in routine electrolyte. This increases the critical temperature for thermal safety (the beginning temperature of obvious self‐heating) from 71.5 to 137.4 °C. The remained VC solvents can be polymerized into poly(VC) as the battery temperature abnormally increases. The poly(VC) can not only afford as a barrier to prevent the direct contact between electrodes, but also immobilize the free liquid solvents, thereby reducing the exothermic reactions between electrodes and electrolytes. Consequently, the internal‐short‐circuit temperature and “ignition point” temperature (the starting temperature of thermal runaway) of LMBs are largely increased from 126.3 and 100.3 °C to 176.5 and 203.6 °C. This work provides novel insights for pursuing thermally stable LMBs with the addition of various thermoresponsive solvents in commercial electrolytes.
A thermoresponsive electrolyte is introduced into a working cell to relieve the exothermic reactions between electrodes and electrolytes, the internal short circuit. The critical temperature for thermal safety, “ignition point” of battery, and internal‐short‐circuit temperature of batteries with thermoresponsive electrolyte increase from 71.5, 100.3, and 126.3 °C to 137.4, 203.6, and 176.5 °C compared with routine electrolyte.
In theory, the environmental positive externality of industrial agglomeration should be larger than its negative externality. However, from China’s reality, regions with a higher degree of industrial ...agglomeration often face various environmental problems, which raises the question whether industrial agglomeration helps or inhibits environmental quality improvement. Based on a big panel dataset of 259 cities from 2007 to 2016, this paper empirically tests the impacts of industrial agglomeration on pollution and ecological efficiency as well as the multidimensional urban heterogeneity using the spatial Durbin model. Moreover, it investigates the pollution reduction and green development effects by the common agglomeration of industry and services. We found that industrial agglomeration, pollution, and ecological efficiency have significant spatial spillover effects, with the agglomeration presenting a significant inverted U-shaped relationship with discharged wastewater, sulfur dioxide emission, and soot (dust) emission, and a significant U-shaped relationship with ecological efficiency. These results indicate that when the agglomeration level exceeds an inflection point, the agglomeration can generate pollution reduction and ecological efficiency improvement effects. Furthermore, the impacts of industrial agglomeration on pollution and ecological efficiency demonstrate obvious urban heterogeneity. In general, the "agglomeration inflection point" of eastern, large-sized, and major cities for environmental protection is smaller than that of central and western, medium-and small-sized, and non-major cities for environmental protection, respectively. In addition, the agglomeration among complementary and related industries can generate a noticeable pollution reduction effect, especially the common agglomeration of industry and producer services can effectively improve the coordination of economy, resources, and environment.
•We employ a spatial Durbin model to investigate industrial agglomeration on pollution and ecological efficiency.•Agglomeration can generate pollution reduction and green develpoment effects when its level exceeds an inflection point.•The “agglomeration inflection point” varies by cities’ location, size, and environmental policy.•We investigate the pollution reduction and green development effects by the common agglomeration of industry and services.•The common agglomeration of industry and producer services has a noticeable pollution reduction effect.
The primary purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of hedgehog-interacting protein (HHIP) overexpression on the proliferation, migration and invasion of non-small cell lung cancer ...(NSCLC).
Firstly, HHIP gene expression data of NSCLC tissues and normal tissues were obtained from GSE18842/GSE19804/GSE43458 databases of the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and then validated by TCGA NSCLC database in a cohort of 1027 cases of NSCLC patients and 108 cases of normal people. A chi-square test was used to analyze the relationship between HHIP expression and clinicopathological characteristics of NSCLC. The expression levels of HHIP in NSCLC cells were detected by quantitative-real time PCR. The function of HHIP was investigated by a series of in vitro assays. CCK-8, wounding healing, Transwell invasion assay were utilized to explore the mechanisms of HHIP.
HHIP mRNA were significantly down-regulated in NSCLC in three GEO databases and TCGA database (P<0.05). This result was confirmed in NSCLC cell lines by qRT-PCR analysis, its expression in normal NSCLC cell line BEAS-2B was significantly higher than that in NSCLC cells. Chi-square test results showed that the low expression of HHIP was correlated with gender, cancer type, TNM stage and tumor size. Functional experimental results showed that over-expressing HHIP significantly decreased the ability of cell proliferation, migration and invasion in NSCLC cells (P<0.05).
Overall, the above results indicated that HHIP could regulate proliferation, migration and invasion, and could be used as a judging criterion for identifying NSCLC classification and stage.
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