Chemical safety of meat and meat products Andrée, Sabine; Jira, W.; Schwind, K.-H. ...
Meat science,
09/2010, Volume:
86, Issue:
1
Journal Article, Conference Proceeding
Peer reviewed
Since the Second World War the consumer behaviour in developed countries changed drastically. Primarily there existed the demand for sufficient food after a period of starvation, afterwards the ...desire for higher quality was arising, whereas today most people ask for safe and healthy food with high quality. Therefore a united approach comprising consistent standards, sound science and robust controls is required to ensure consumers' health and to maintain consumers' confidence and satisfaction. Chemical analysis along the whole food chain downstream (tracking) from primary production to the consumer and upstream (tracing) from the consumer to primary production is an important prerequisite to ensure food safety and quality. In this frame the focus of the following paper is the “chemical safety of meat and meat products” taking into account inorganic as well as organic residues and contaminants, the use of nitrite in meat products, the incidence of veterinary drugs, as well as a Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) system assessing (prioritizing) vulnerable food chain steps to decrease or eliminate vulnerability.
A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method was developed for the analysis of 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) highlighted as carcinogenic by the Scientific Committee on Food ...(SCF) plus benzocfluorine (recommended to be analysed by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA)) in fat-containing foods such as edible oils and smoked meat products. This method includes accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) and the highly automated clean-up steps gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and solid-phase extraction (SPE). Using a VF-17ms GC column, a good separation of benzobfluoranthene, benzojfluoranthene and benzokfluoranthene was achieved. Furthermore, the six methylchrysene isomers and the PAH compounds with a molecular weight of 302 Daltons in fat-containing foods attained a better chromatographic separation in comparison with a 5-ms column. The reliability of the analytical method for edible oils was demonstrated by the results from a proficiency test. Measurements with GC-high-resolution mass spectroscopy (HRMS) and gas chromatography-mass selective detection (GC-MSD) led to comparable results. A survey of the 16 PAHs in 22 smoked meat products showed concentrations in the range <0.01-19 micrograms kg-1. The median concentration for benzoapyrene was below 0.15 micrograms kg-1.
Benzoaanthracene (BaA), chrysene (CHR), cyclopentac,dpyrene (CPP), 5-methylchrysene (5MC), benzobfluoranthene (BbF), benzokfluoranthene (BkF), benzojfluGoranthene (BjF), benzoapyrene (BaP), ...dibenzoa,hanthracene (DhA), indeno1,2,3-cdpyrene (IcP), benzog,h,iperylene (BgP), dibenzoa,lpyrene (DlP), dibenzoa,epyrene (DeP), dibenzoa,ipyrene (DiP) and dibenzoa,hpyrene (DhP), the 15 SCFPAH, assessed to be relevant as well as benzocfluorene (BcL) recommended by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), were analysed in different types of chocolate. The sample preparation included accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and solid phase chromatography using small silica gel columns. The individual PAH were separated by gas chromatography using a VF-17ms GC column and detected by high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). The investigation of 40 samples of various types of chocolate with different cocoa contents resulted in a median benzoapyrene (BaP) content of 0.22 μg/kg. Furthermore, the results showed a linear correlation between the content of BaP and the sum content of the 16 priority PAH. Therefore, the analysis of BaP as a leading substance seems to be suitable to estimate the PAH contamination in chocolate.
This study reports results on 16 EU priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in smoke produced by beech wood combustion from Zlatibor region, Serbia. Smoke samples were collected with two different ...types of tubes (PUF and XAD-2), at a height of 2 and 5 m away from the firebox; 16 EU priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons European Commission (2005), Commission Recommendation 2005/108/EC, Official Journal of European Union L34:43-45; JECFA (2005), Summary and Conclusion. Paper No. JECFA/64/SC, Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, Sixty-Fourth Meeting, Rome, Italy, February 8-17 were identified and quantified by Fast-GC/HRMS. The analyzed PAHs were: benzocfluorene (BcL), benzoaanthracene (BaA), cyclopentac,dpyrene (CPP), chrysene (CHR), 5-methylchrysene (5MC), benzobfluoranthene (BbF), benzojfluoranthene (BjF), benzokfluoranthene (BkF), benzoapyrene (BaP), benzog,h,iperylene (BgP), dibenzoa,hanthracene (DhA), indeno1,2,3-cdpyrene (IcP), dibenzoa,epyrene (DeP), dibenzoa,hpyrene (DhP), dibenzoa,ipyrene (DiP) and dibenzoa,lpyrene (DlP). Results show that total emission of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at a height of 2 m was 6.7 and 7.4 mg m
−3
, in PUF and XAD-2 tubes, respectively. At height of 5 m polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons emission was 2.4 and 4.3 mg m
−3
, in PUF and XAD-2 tubes, respectively. BaP contribution to total sum of 16 EU priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was 4% (PUF tubes) and 7.2% (XAD-2 tubes) at a height of 2 m, and 5% (PUF tubes) and 8.3% (XAD-2 tubes) at a height of 5 m. Total benzoapirene equivalent concentrations (BaPeq) in smoke samples were calculated.
A GC/MS method for the determination of ten polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) with four to six condensed aromatic carbon rings (including the six carcinogenic PAH) in smoked meat products and ...liquid smokes has been developed. The method implies accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), gel permeation chromatography for efficient lipid removal without saponification and ^sup 13^C-labelled PAH for quantification. The calibration curves showed a good linearity for all PAH in the concentration range 0.01-10,000 ppb, the repeatabilities (RSDs, n=6) of different PAH ranged from 3 to 12%. Using this method, the analysis of a standard reference material of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (mussel tissue, SRM 2977) resulted in a good accordance between measured and certified PAH concentrations. The determination of PAH contents in 26 samples of smoked meat products and liquid smokes further confirmed the analytical power of the new method and gave a first insight into the specific PAH patterns.PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
A collaborative study was conducted to validate an analytical method for quantification of the 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) regarded in 2002 as a health concern by the former Scientific ...Committee on Food of the European Commission (SCF) in primary smoke condensates. The method is based on gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of a cyclohexane extract with solid-phase cleanup through silica gel. The analytes were detected in the selected-ion monitoring mode and quantified by using 3 isotopically labeled internal standard compounds. Seventeen laboratories participated in the collaborative validation study, of which 12 reported valid results. The data were subjected to Cochran, single Grubbs, and double Grubbs tests for statistical outliers. A maximum of 2 outliers was eliminated before further statistical evaluation of the method performance characteristics. Depending on the analyte, the results showed relative standard deviations for repeatability between 4.2 and 30% and for reproducibility from 9.9 to 60%. The recoveries varied between about 50 and 85%, except those for cyclopentacdpyrene, dibenzoa,ipyrene, and dibenzoa,hpyrene. Nevertheless, because Commission Directive 2005/10/EC allows for a recovery range of 50-120% for (BaP) benzoapyrene in various foods, it can be concluded that the method performs appropriately within the analytical range between 5 and 25 microgram/kg of primary smoke condensate. For BaP the validated analytical range covered 5-20 microgram/kg, and for benzoaanthracene (BaA) 10-25 microgram/kg. The method is suitable for monitoring BaP and BaA at their respective maximum permitted levels of 10 and 20 microgram/kg. Three analytes, benzob-, benzoj-, and benzok-fluoranthene could not be separated by all of the participants and were therefore treated as the sum. Nevertheless, with this method the pattern of the respective concentrations of these 15 PAHs can be monitored in primary smoke condensate as suggested by the SCF.
The "starch-statolith" hypothesis has been used by plant physiologists to explain the gravity perception mechanism in higher plants. In order to help resolve some of the controversy associated with ...ground-based research that has supported this theory, we performed a spaceflight experiment during the January 1997 mission of the Space Shuttle STS-81. Seedlings of wild-type (WT) Arabidopsis, two reduced-starch strains, and a starchless mutant were grown in microgravity and then given a gravity stimulus on a centrifuge. In terms of development in space, germination was greater than 90% for seeds in microgravity, and flight seedlings were smaller (60% in total length) compared to control plants grown on the ground and to control plants on a rotating clinostat. Seedlings grown in space had two structural features that distinguished them from the controls: a greater density of root hairs and an anomalous hypocotyl hook structure. However, the slower growth and morphological changes observed in the flight seedlings may be due to the effects of ethylene present in the spacecraft. Nevertheless, during the flight hypocotyls of WT seedlings responded to a unilateral 60 min stimulus provided by a 1-g centrifuge while those of the starch-deficient strains did not. Thus the strain with the greatest amount of starch responded to the stimulus given in flight and therefore, these data support the starch-statolith model for gravity sensing.
Linoleic acid is the most abundant fatty acid in human low density lipoproteins (LDL). Oxidation of LDL transforms linoleic acid to hydroperoxyderivatives. These are converted to ...9-hydroxy-10,12-octadecadienoic acid (9-HODE) and 13-hydroxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid (13-HODE). 9-HODE is much more abundant in oxidized LDL than other lipid peroxidation products and therefore an indicator of lipid peroxidation (LPO). In this study the 9-HODE content in the LDL of 19 obviously healthy volunteers and 17 atherosclerotic patients was investigated. The level of 9-HODE obtained from LDL of young atherosclerotic patients (aged 36–47 years) was increased by a factor of 20 when compared with samples from healthy volunteers of the same age group. The content of 9-HODE in the LDL of atherosclerotic patients aged between 69 and 94 years increased 30–100 fold when compared with young healthy individuals, but when compared with `healthy' individuals of the same age group it was only 2–3 fold increased. Obviously, as individuals grow older LDL becomes more and more oxidized. Consequently, assuming that LDL oxidation is a precondition for atherosclerosis—older individuals will suffer from atherosclerosis, even if no easy detectable visible signs of this disease are recognizable. According to 9-HODE determination, the onset of the disease starts slowly in most individuals at around 50 years of age.
Integrins are a large family of integral plasma membrane proteins that link the extracellular matrix to the cytoskeleton in animal cells. As a first step in determining if integrin-like proteins are ...involved in gravitropic signal transduction pathways, we have used a polyclonal antibody against the chicken beta1 integrin subunit in western blot analyses and immunofluorescence microscopy to gain information on the size and location of these proteins in plants. Several different polypeptides are recognized by the anti-integrin antibody in roots and shoots of Arabidopsis and in the internodal cells and rhizoids of Chara. These cross-reactive polypeptides are associated with cellular membranes, a feature which is consistent with the known location of integrins in animal systems. In immunofluorescence studies of Arabidopsis roots, a strong signal was obtained from labeling integrin-like proteins in root cap cells, and there was little or no immunolabel in other regions of the root tip. While the antibody stained throughout Chara rhizoids, the highest density of immunolabel was at the tip. Thus, in both Arabidopsis roots and Chara rhizoids, the sites of gravity perception/transduction appear to be enriched in integrin-like molecules.
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