Context.
Despite being the best studied red supergiant star in our Galaxy, the physics behind the photometric variability and mass loss of Betelgeuse is poorly understood. Moreover, recently the star ...has experienced an unusual fading with its visual magnitude reaching a historical minimum. The nature of this event was investigated by several studies where mechanisms, such as episodic mass loss and the presence of dark spots in the photosphere, were invoked.
Aims.
We aim to relate the atmospheric dynamics of Betelgeuse to its photometric variability, with the main focus on the dimming event.
Methods.
We used the tomographic method which allowed us to probe different depths in the stellar atmosphere and to recover the corresponding disk-averaged velocity field. The method was applied to a series of high-resolution HERMES observations of Betelgeuse. Variations in the velocity field were then compared with photometric and spectroscopic variations.
Results.
The tomographic method reveals that the succession of two shocks along our line-of-sight (in February 2018 and January 2019), the second one amplifying the effect of the first one, combined with underlying convection and/or outward motion present at this phase of the 400 d pulsation cycle, produced a rapid expansion of a portion of the atmosphere of Betelgeuse and an outflow between October 2019 and February 2020. This resulted in a sudden increase in molecular opacity in the cooler upper atmosphere of Betelgeuse and, thus, in the observed unusual decrease of the star’s brightness.
Abstract We address one of the lingering mysteries of high-velocity clouds: If the anomalous negative velocities are the result of the approaching gas from old supernovae, then where are the receding ...counterparts of the expanding shells? Data from the λ -21 cm Galactic neutral hydrogen EBHIS survey (Winkel et al.) show multiple signatures of the expanding shells. The near-side (approaching) H i shells form part of Complex K. The high blueshifted velocities result from the H i moving into the low-density environment of inter-arm space. The H i data also show a distinctive, bow-shaped feature, the signature of the far-side (receding) emission of an expanding shell. The low redshifted velocity results from the gas expanding into volumes of space with a higher density. If we make the simplifying assumptions that the expansion of the shells is uniform and spherically symmetric, then the explosions took place about ⪅3 × 10 5 yr ago. The momentum, p ∼ 7 × 10 4 M ⊙ km s −1 , agrees with recent model estimates for supernova evolution. Supernova explosions attributed to the unseen companion in several binary systems identified by the Third Gaia Data Release may be responsible for anomalous-velocity H i gas in Complex K. Four binary star systems with neutron-star candidates are located at the edge of the Sagittarius spiral arm and used to determine the distance to the H i features discussed here.
Abstract
Supernova explosions attributed to the unseen companion in several binary systems identified by the Third Gaia Data Release (Gaia DR3) may be responsible for a number of well-known and ...well-studied features in the radio sky, including the low-latitude intermediate-velocity (LLIV) arch and the north celestial pole (NCP) loop. Slices from the longitude–latitude–velocity data cube of the
λ
-21 cm Galactic neutral hydrogen HI4PI survey show multiple signatures of an expanding shell. The source of this expansion, which includes the LLIV arch on the approaching side, may be the neutron star candidate in the Gaia DR3 1093757200530267520 binary. If we make the simplifying assumptions that the expansion of the cavity is uniform and spherically symmetric, then the explosion took place about 700,000 yr ago. The momentum is in reasonable agreement with recent model estimates for a supernova this old. The H
i
on the receding side of this cavity is interacting with the gas approaching us on the near side of a second cavity. The NCP loop appears to be located at the intersection of these two expanding features. The neutron star candidate in the Gaia DR3 1144019690966028928 binary may be (in part) responsible for this cavity. Explosions from other candidates may account for the observed elongation along the line of sight of this second cavity. We can use the primary star in these binaries to anchor the distances to the LLIV arch and NCP loop, which are ∼167 and ∼220 pc, respectively.
The advent of high-resolution spectrographs and detailed stellar atmosphere modelling has strengthened the need for accurate molecular data. Carbon-enhanced metal-poor (CEMP) stars spectra are ...interesting objects with which to study transitions from the CH molecule. We combine programs for spectral analysis of molecules and stellar-radiative transfer codes to build an extensive CH linelist, including predissociation broadening as well as newly identified levels. We show examples of strong predissociation CH lines in CEMP stars, and we stress the important role played by the CH features in the Bond-Neff feature depressing the spectra of barium stars by as much as 0.2 mag in the λ = 3000−5500 Å range. Because of the extreme thermodynamic conditions prevailing in stellar atmospheres (compared to the laboratory), molecular transitions with high energy levels can be observed. Stellar spectra can thus be used to constrain and improve molecular data.
Barium (Ba), CH, and extrinsic or Tc-poor S-type stars are evolved low- and intermediate-mass stars that show enhancement of slow-neutron-capture-process elements on their surface, an indication of ...mass accretion from a former asymptotic giant branch companion, which is now a white dwarf (WD). Ba and CH stars can be found in the main-sequence (MS), the sub-giant, and the giant phase, while extrinsic S-type stars populate the giant branches only. As these polluted stars evolve, they might be involved in a second phase of interaction with their now white dwarf companion. In this paper, we consider systems composed of a main-sequence Ba star and a WD companion when the former evolves along the red giant branch (RGB). We want to determine if the orbital properties of the known population of Ba, CH, and S giants can be inferred from the evolution of their suspected dwarf progenitors. For this purpose, we used the BINSTAR binary evolution code and model MS+WD binary systems, considering different binary interaction mechanisms, such as a tidally enhanced wind mass loss, and a reduced circularisation efficiency. To explore their impact on the second RGB ascent, we compared the modelled orbits with the observed period and eccentricity distributions of Ba and related giants. We show that, independently of the considered mechanism, there is a strong period cut-off below which core-He burning stars should not be found in binary systems with a WD companion. This limit is shorter for more massive RGB stars and for more metal-poor systems. However, we still find a few low-mass short-period giant systems that are difficult to explain with our models, as well as two systems with very high eccentricities.
Context. Carbon-enhanced metal-poor (CEMP) stars are known to have properties that reflect the nucleosynthesis of the first low- and intermediate-mass stars, because most have been polluted by a ...now-extinct AGB star. Aims. By considering abundances in the various CEMP subclasses separately, we try to derive parameters (such as metallicity, mass, temperature, and neutron source) characterising AGB nucleosynthesis from the specific signatures imprinted on the abundances, and separate them from the impact of thermohaline mixing, first dredge-up, and dilution associated with the mass transfer from the companion. Methods. To place CEMP stars in a broader context, we collect abundances for about 180 stars of various metallicities (from solar to Fe/H $=-4$), luminosity classes (dwarfs and giants), and abundance patterns (e.g. C-rich and poor, Ba-rich and poor), from both our own sample and the literature. Results. We first show that there are CEMP stars that share the properties of CEMP-s stars and CEMP-no stars (which we refer to as CEMP-low-s stars). We also show that there is a strong correlation between Ba and C abundances in the s-only CEMP stars. This represents a strong detection of the operation of the $\rm^{13}$C neutron source in low-mass AGB stars. For the CEMP-rs stars (seemingly enriched with elements from both the s- and r-processes), the correlation of the N abundances with abundances of heavy elements from the 2nd and 3rd s-process peaks bears instead the signature of the $\rm^{22}$Ne neutron source. Since CEMP-rs stars also exhibit O and Mg enhancements, we conclude that extremely hot conditions prevailed during the thermal pulses of the contaminating AGB stars. We also note that abundances are not affected by the evolution of the CEMP-rs star itself (especially by the first dredge-up). This implies that mixing must have occurred while the star was on the main sequence, and that a large amount of matter must have been accreted so as to trigger thermohaline mixing. Finally, we argue that most CEMP-no stars (with neutron-capture element abundances comparable to non-CEMP stars) are likely the extremely metal-poor counterparts of CEMP neutron-capture-rich stars. We also show that the C enhancement in CEMP-no stars declines with metallicity at extremely low metallicity (Fe/H $< -3.2$). This trend is not predicted by any of the current AGB models.
Context.
Among carbon-enhanced metal-poor (CEMP) stars, some are found to be enriched in slow-neutron capture (
s
-process) elements (and are then tagged CEMP-s), some have overabundances in ...rapid-neutron capture (
r
-process) elements (tagged CEMP-r), and some are characterized by both
s
- and
r
-process enrichments (tagged CEMP-rs). The current distinction between CEMP-s and CEMP-rs is based on their Ba/Fe and Eu/Fe ratios, since barium and europium are predominantly produced by the
s
- and the
r
-process, respectively. The origin of the abundance differences between CEMP-s and CEMP-rs stars is presently unknown. It has been claimed that the
i
-process, whose site still remains to be identified, could better reproduce CEMP-rs abundances than the
s
-process.
Aims.
We propose a more robust classification method for CEMP-s and CEMP-rs stars using additional heavy elements other than Ba and Eu. Once a secure classification is available, it should then be possible to assess whether the
i
-process or a variant of the
s
-process better fits the peculiar abundance patterns of CEMP-rs stars.
Methods.
We analyse high-resolution spectra of 24 CEMP stars and one
r
-process enriched star without carbon-enrichment, observed mainly with the high-resolution HERMES spectrograph mounted on the
Mercator
telescope (La Palma) and also with the UVES spectrograph on VLT (ESO Chile) and HIRES spectrograph on KECK (Hawaii). Stellar parameters and abundances are derived using MARCS model atmospheres. Elemental abundances are computed through spectral synthesis using the TURBOSPECTRUM radiative transfer code. Stars are re-classified as CEMP-s or -rs according to a new classification scheme using eight heavy element abundances.
Results.
Within our sample of 25 objects, the literature classification is globally confirmed, except for HE 1429−0551 and HE 2144−1832, previously classified as CEMP-rs and now as CEMP-s stars. The abundance profiles of CEMP-s and CEMP-rs stars are compared in detail, and no clear separation is found between the two groups; it seems instead that there is an abundance continuum between the two stellar classes. There is an even larger binarity rate among CEMP-rs stars than among CEMP-s stars, indicating that CEMP-rs stars are extrinsic stars as well. The second peak
s
-process elements (Ba, La, Ce) are slightly enhanced in CEMP-rs stars with respect to first-peak
s
-process elements (Sr, Y, Zr), when compared to CEMP-s stars. Models of radiative
s
-process nucleosynthesis during the interpulse phases reproduce well the abundance profiles of CEMP-s stars, whereas those of CEMP-rs stars are explained well by low-metallicity 1
M
⊙
models experiencing proton ingestion. The global fitting of our
i
-process models to CEMP-rs stars is as good as the one of our
s
-process models to CEMP-s stars. Stellar evolutionary tracks of an enhanced carbon composition (consistent with our abundance determinations) are necessary to explain the position of CEMP-s and CEMP-rs stars in the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram using
Gaia
DR2 parallaxes; they are found to lie mostly on the red giant branch (RGB).
Conclusions.
CEMP-rs stars present most of the characteristics of extrinsic stars such as CEMP-s, CH, barium, and extrinsic S stars; they can be explained as being polluted by a low-mass, low-metallicity thermally-pulsing asymptotic giant branch (TP-AGB) companion experiencing
i
-process nucleosynthesis after proton ingestion during its first convective thermal pulses. As such, they could be renamed CEMP-sr stars, since they represent a particular manifestation of the
s
-process at low-metallicities. For these objects a call for an exotic
i
-process site may not necessarily be required anymore.
Aims. Our goal is to study the different morphologies associated to the interaction of the stellar winds of AGB stars and red supergiants with the interstellar medium (ISM) to follow the fate of the ...circumstellar matter injected into the interstellar medium. Methods. Far-infrared Herschel/PACS images at 70 and 160 μm of a sample of 78 Galactic evolved stars are used to study the (dust) emission structures developing out of stellar wind-ISM interaction. In addition, two-fluid hydrodynamical simulations of the coupled gas and dust in wind-ISM interactions are used for comparison with the observations. Results. Four distinct classes of wind-ISM interaction (i.e. “fermata”, “eyes”, “irregular”, and “rings”) are identified, and basic parameters affecting the morphology are discussed. We detect bow shocks for ~40% of the sample and detached rings for ~20%. The total dust and gas mass inferred from the observed infrared emission is similar to the stellar mass loss over a period of a few thousand years, while in most cases it is less than the total ISM mass potentially swept-up by the wind-ISM interaction. De-projected stand-off distances (R0) – defined as the distance between the central star and the nearest point of the interaction region – of the detected bow shocks (“fermata” and “eyes”) are derived from the PACS images and compared to previous results, model predictions, and the simulations. All observed bow shocks have stand-off distances smaller than 1 pc. Observed and theoretical stand-off distances are used together to independently derive the local ISM density. Conclusions. Both theoretical (analytical) models and hydrodynamical simulations give stand-off distances for adopted stellar properties that are in good agreement with the measured de-projected stand-off distance of wind-ISM bow shocks. The possible detection of a bow shock – for the distance-limited sample – appears to be governed by its physical size as set roughly by the stand-off distance. In particular the star’s peculiar space velocity and the density of the ISM appear decisive in detecting emission from bow shocks or detached rings. In most cases the derived ISM densities concur with those typical of the warm neutral and ionised gas in the Galaxy, though some cases point towards the presence of cold diffuse clouds. Tentatively, the “eyes” class objects are associated to (visual) binaries, while the “rings” generally do not appear to occur for M-type stars, only for C or S-type objects that have experienced a thermal pulse.
Aims . By combining astrometric orbits (delivered in large numbers by the Gaίa mission) with spectroscopic orbits for systems with two observable spectra (SB2), it is possible to derive the masses of ...both stellar components. However, to get masses with a good accuracy requires accurate spectroscopic orbits, which is the primary aim of the present paper. A subsidiary aim is to discover SB2 systems hiding among known SB1 systems and even though this search may often prove unsuccessful, the acquired radial velocities may still be used to improve the existing spectroscopic orbits. Methods . New radial velocities for 58 binary systems from the Ninth Catalogue of Spectroscopic Binary Orbits (SB9), obtained using the high-resolution HERMES spectrograph installed on the 1.2 m Mercator telescope, were used to possibly identify hitherto undetected SB2 systems. For SB1 systems with inaccurate orbits, we used these new radial-velocity measurements to improve the orbital accuracy. Results . This study provides 51 orbits (41 SB1 and 10 SB2) that have been improved with respect to the solution listed in the SB9 catalogue, out of the 58 SB9 orbits studied, which belong to 56 stellar systems. Among them, there are five triple and four quadruple systems. Despite the high resolution of HERMES, the only system we detected as anew SB2 system is HIP 115142 A. The B component of the visual binary HIP 92726 has now been found to be a spectroscopic system as well, which makes HIP 92726 a newly discovered quadruple system (SB 1+SB 1). Moreover, the high resolution of HERMES has enabled us to better isolate the signature of the secondary component of HIP 12390, HIP 73182, and HIP 111170. Thus, we derived more accurate masses for them. Among the 30 SB also present in Gaia Data Release 3 (DR3), with periods shorter than the Gaia DR3 time span (~1000 d), only five had been flagged as binaries by DR3. Various DR3 selection criteria are responsible for this discrepancy.
An update of a previous description of the BRUSLIB + NACRE package of nuclear data for astrophysics and of the web-based nuclear network generator NETGEN is presented. The new version of BRUSLIB ...contains the latest predictions of a wide variety of nuclear data based on the most recent version of the Brussels-Montreal Skyrme-Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov model. NACRE is superseded by the NACRE II compilation for 15 charged-particle transfer reactions and 19 charged-particle radiative captures on stable targets with mass numbers A < 16. NACRE II features the inclusion of experimental data made available after the publication of NACRE in 1999 and up to 2011. Finally the latest release v10.0 of the web-based tool NETGEN is presented. In addition to the data already used in the previous NETGEN package, it contains in a fully documented form the new BRUSLIB and NACRE II data, as well as new experiment-based radiative neutron capture cross sections. The nuclear material is presented in an extended tabular form complemented with a variety of graphical interfaces.
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