Traditional safety analysis techniques have shown difficulties in incorporating dynamically changing structures of CPSs (Cyber-Physical Systems). STPA (System-Theoretic Process Analysis), one of the ...widely used, needs to unfold and arrange all hidden structures before beginning a full-fledged analysis. This paper proposes an intermediate model “Information Unfolding Model (IUM)” and a process “Information Unfolding Process (IUP)” to unfold dynamic structures which are hidden in CPSs and so help analysts construct control structures in STPA thoroughly.
STPA (System-Theoretic Process Analysis) is a widely used safety analysis technique to identify UCAs (Unsafe Control Actions) resulting in potential losses. It is totally dependent on the experience ...and ability of analysts to construct an information model called Control Structures, upon which analysts try to identify unsafe controls between system components. This paper proposes a formal approach to support the manual identification of UCAs, effectively and systematically. It allows analysts to mechanically extract Process Model, an important element that makes up the Control Structures, from a formal requirements specification for a software controller. It then concisely constructs the contents of Context Tables, from which analysts can identify all relevant UCAs effectively, using a software fault tree analysis technique. The case study with a preliminary version of a Korean nuclear reactor protections system shows the proposed approach's effectiveness and applicability.
To understand the lattice preferred orientation (LPO) and deformation microstructures at the top of a subducting slab in a warm subduction zone, deformation experiments of epidote blueschist were ...conducted in simple shear under high pressure (0.9–1.5 GPa) and temperature (400–500 °C). At low shear strain (γ ≤ 1), the 001 axes of glaucophane were in subparallel alignment with the shear direction, and the (010) poles were subnormally aligned with the shear plane. At high shear strain (γ > 2), the 001 axes of glaucophane were in subparallel alignment with the shear direction, and the 100 axes were subnormally aligned with the shear plane. At a shear strain between 2< γ <4, the (010) poles of epidote were in subparallel alignment with the shear direction, and the 100 axes were subnormally aligned with the shear plane. At a shear strain where γ > 4, the alignment of the (010) epidote poles had altered from subparallel to subnormal to the shear plane, while the 001 axes were in subparallel alignment with the shear direction. The experimental results indicate that the magnitude of shear strain and rheological contrast between component minerals plays an important role in the formation of LPOs for glaucophane and epidote.
The Lindås Nappe, Bergen Arc, is located in western Norway and displays two high-grade metamorphic structures. A Precambrian granulite facies foliation is transected by Caledonian fluid-induced ...eclogite-facies shear zones and pseudotachylytes. To understand how a superimposed tectonic event may influence olivine fabric and change seismic anisotropy, two lenses of spinel lherzolite were studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD) techniques. The granulite foliation of the surrounding anorthosite complex is displayed in ultramafic lenses as a modal variation in olivine, pyroxenes, and spinel, and the Caledonian eclogite-facies structure in the surrounding anorthosite gabbro is represented by thin (<1 cm) garnet-bearing ultramylonite zones. The olivine fabrics in the spinel bearing assemblage were E-type and B-type and a combination of A- and B-type lattice preferred orientations (LPOs). There was a change in olivine fabric from a combination of A- and B-type LPOs in the spinel bearing assemblage to B- and E-type LPOs in the garnet lherzolite mylonite zones. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analyses reveal that the water content of olivine in mylonite is much higher (approximately 600 ppm H/Si) than that in spinel lherzolite (approximately 350 ppm H/Si), indicating that water caused the difference in olivine fabric. Fabric strength of olivine gets weaker as the grain size reduced, and as a result, calculated seismic properties for the two deformation stages reveal that P- and S-velocity anisotropies are significantly weaker in the mylonite. Microtextures and LPO data indicate that the deformation mechanism changed from dominant dislocation creep in spinel lherzolite to dislocation creep accompanied by grain-boundary sliding in mylonite. Shear localization in the mylonite appears to be originated from the grain size reduction through (1) enhanced dynamic recrystallization of olivine in the presence of water and (2) Zener pinning of clinopyroxene or (3) by ultracomminution during the pseudotachylyte stage.
Lysophosphatidylserine (LysoPS), an endogenous ligand of G protein-coupled receptors, consists of l-serine, glycerol, and fatty acid moieties connected by phosphodiester and ester linkages, ...respectively. An ester linkage of phosphatidylserine can be hydrolyzed at the 1-position or at the 2-position to give 2-acyl lysophospholipid or 1-acyl lysophospholipid, respectively. 2-Acyl lysophospholipid is in nonenzymatic equilibrium with 1-acyl lysophospholipid in vivo. On the other hand, 3-acyl lysophospholipid is not found, at least in mammals, raising the question of whether the reason for this might be that the 3-acyl isomer lacks the biological activities of the other isomers. Here, to test this idea, we designed and synthesized a series of new 3-acyl lysophospholipids. Structure–activity relationship studies of more than 100 “glycol surrogate” derivatives led to the identification of potent and selective agonists for LysoPS receptors GPR34 and P2Y10. Thus, the non-natural 3-acyl compounds are indeed active and appear to be biologically orthogonal with respect to the physiologically relevant 1- and 2-acyl lysophospholipids.
The microstructure of amphibole peridotites from Åheim, Norway were analyzed to understand the evolution of the lattice-preferred orientation (LPO) of olivine throughout the Scandian Orogeny and its ...implication for the seismic anisotropy of the subduction zone. The Åheim peridotites had a porphyroclastic texture and some samples contained an abundant amount of hydrous minerals such as tremolite. Detailed microstructural analysis on the Åheim peridotites revealed multiple stages of deformation. The coarse grains showed an A-type LPO of olivine, which can be interpreted as the initial stage of deformation. The spinel-bearing samples showed a mixture of B-type and C-type LPOs of olivine, which is considered to represent the deformation under water-rich conditions. The recrystallized fine-grained olivine displays a B-type LPO, which can be interpreted as the final stage of deformation. Microstructures and water content of olivine indicate that the dominant deformation mechanism of olivine showing a B-type LPO is a dislocation creep under water-rich condition. The observation of the B-type LPO of olivine is important for an interpretation of trench-parallel seismic anisotropy in the mantle wedge. The calculated seismic anisotropy of the tremolite showed that tremolite can contribute to the trench-parallel seismic anisotropy in the mantle wedge.
Lysophosphatidylserine (LysoPS) is an endogenous lipid mediator generated by hydrolysis of membrane phospholipid phosphatidylserine. Recent ligand screening of orphan G-protein-coupled receptors ...(GPCRs) identified two LysoPS-specific human GPCRs, namely, P2Y10 (LPS2) and GPR174 (LPS3), which, together with previously reported GPR34 (LPS1), comprise a LysoPS receptor family. Herein, we examined the structure–activity relationships of a series of synthetic LysoPS analogues toward these recently deorphanized LysoPS receptors, based on the idea that LysoPS can be regarded as consisting of distinct modules (fatty acid, glycerol, and l-serine) connected by phosphodiester and ester linkages. Starting from the endogenous ligand (1-oleoyl-LysoPS, 1), we optimized the structure of each module and the ester linkage. Accordingly, we identified some structural requirements of each module for potency and for receptor subtype selectivity. Further assembly of individually structure-optimized modules yielded a series of potent and LysoPS receptor subtype-selective agonists, particularly for P2Y10 and GPR174.
This study aimed to apply annealing processes during the coating of photovoltaic (PV) module glasses to PV modules already installed through an easy and simple procedure. Three types of annealing ...treatments were applied to PV module glasses, i.e., furnace, rapid thermal annealing (RTA) and torch. Among these, torch annealing, which can be easily carried out at PV module installation sites, was applied to PV module glasses using different numbers of repetition. Light transmittance, contact angle, anti-pollution characteristics, adhesion and hardness of the functional coating films after using different annealing treatment times and methods were measured, and it was confirmed that these characteristics varied depending on the annealing treatment times and methods. Through this, it was possible to optimize the process conditions that provide excellent anti-pollution characteristics and could be easily utilized at on-site PV modules.
Amphibole peridotite samples from Åheim, Norway, were analyzed to understand the deformation mechanism and microstructural evolution of olivine and amphibole through the Scandian Orogeny and ...subsequent exhumation process. Three Åheim amphibole peridotite samples were selected for detailed microstructural analysis. The Åheim amphibole peridotites exhibit porphyroclastic texture, abundant subgrain boundaries in olivine, and the evidence of localized shear deformation in the tremolite-rich layer. Two different types of olivine lattice preferred orientations (LPOs) were observed: B- and A-type LPOs. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) mapping and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations revealed that most subgrain boundaries in olivine consist of dislocations with a (001)100 slip system. The subgrain boundaries in olivine may have resulted from the deformation of olivine with moderate water content. In addition, TEM observations using a thickness-fringe method showed that the free dislocations of olivine with the (010)100 slip system were dominant in the peridotites. Our data suggest that the subgrain boundaries and free dislocations in olivine represent a product of later-stage deformation associated with the exhumation process. EBSD mapping of the tremolite-rich layer revealed intracrystalline plasticity in amphibole, which can be interpreted as the activation of the (100)001 slip system.
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